At present, the concept of national security has also acquired a medical dimension, because the political and economic security of a country can be threatened also by the rapidity with which infectious diseases spread in the present global world or by the impact of climatic changes. The present paper intends to illustrate the main threats to/for population health, international organizations and their regulations in the field of medical security, the impact of epidemics on the population, economy and health systems, methods to prevent pandemics, as well as the situations in which the post-communist Romanian health system impacted politically the country image at national and international level. The improvement of the health infrastructure in Romania, motivating the medical personnel by creating better working and payment conditions, as well as the recent experience of other states in the epidemics that occurred in Asia and Africa can all contribute to the successful management of medical emergencies and infectious outbreaks.