Facing a constant increase of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), there is large need for routine use of new diagnostic tests, based on molecular techniques that allow both a rapid diagnosis for TB complex and rapid identification of resistance mutations. The resistances are due to genetic factors: accumulation of changes within the genome structure, acquisition or loss of genes, spontaneous mutations in chromosomal genes, and changes that induce selection of resistant strains during a suboptimal treatment. The bacteriology laboratory plays a crucial role in the making of the diagnosis, monitoring and preventing TB transmission. World Health Organization offers consistent recommendations in favour of use of Xpert MTB/RIF, GeneXpert platform, as initial diagnostic test in adults and children suspected of TB, because it can simultaneously determine the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Rifampicin resistance, which is a surrogate marker of MDR strains. The very high sensibility and specificity, also in the smear negative samples, as well as the short time needed for the results, make Xpert MTB/RIF a valuable tool in the fight against TB. Other recommended tests are: LPA, which identifies M. Tuberculosis complex, the Rifancim and Isoniazid resistance; MTBDR plus or, for second line anti-TB drugs, the MTBDRsl.