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Two-stage least squares with clustered data

Authors: Zhao, Anqi; Ding, Peng; Li, Fan;

Two-stage least squares with clustered data

Abstract

Clustered data -- where units of observation are nested within higher-level groups, such as repeated measurements on users, or panel data of firms, industries, or geographic regions -- are ubiquitous in business research. When the objective is to estimate the causal effect of a potentially endogenous treatment, a common approach -- which we call the canonical two-stage least squares (2sls) -- is to fit a 2sls regression of the outcome on treatment status with instrumental variables (IVs) for point estimation, and apply cluster-robust standard errors to account for clustering in inference. When both the treatment and IVs vary within clusters, a natural alternative -- which we call the two-stage least squares with fixed effects (2sfe) -- is to include cluster indicators in the 2sls specification, thereby incorporating cluster information in point estimation as well. This paper clarifies the trade-off between these two approaches within the local average treatment effect (LATE) framework, and makes three contributions. First, we establish the validity of both approaches for Wald-type inference of the LATE when clusters are homogeneous, and characterize their relative efficiency. We show that, when the true outcome model includes cluster-specific effects, 2sfe is more efficient than the canonical 2sls only when the variation in cluster-specific effects dominates that in unit-level errors. Second, we show that with heterogeneous clusters, 2sfe recovers a weighted average of cluster-specific LATEs, whereas the canonical 2sls generally does not. Third, to guide empirical choice between the two procedures, we develop a joint asymptotic theory for the two estimators under homogeneous clusters, and propose a Wald-type test for detecting cluster heterogeneity.

Keywords

Methodology

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average