The inflammasome is a group of multiprotein complexes in the cytoplasm, which can activate caspase-1 that mediates the maturation and release of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines.NALP1 (NACHT leucine-rich-repeat protein 1), also known as NLRP1, is the first one of the identified complex inflammasomes with definite ligands mainly involved in the activation of inflammasome assembly and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Moreover, it was also found that NLRP1 plays an important biological role in the development of acute leukemia, the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell apoptosis and other blood diseases. This review briefly summarizes the structure, activation mechanism, regulation and the role of NLRP1 in the hematopoietic system.