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Caracterización de fundiciones de grafito esferoidal y matriz ferrítica, resistentes al impacto a baja temperatura

Authors: Suárez Sanabria, Alberto;

Caracterización de fundiciones de grafito esferoidal y matriz ferrítica, resistentes al impacto a baja temperatura

Abstract

El material elegido por los diseñadores de las turbinas eólicas para varios de sus componentes de gran tamaño es la fundición de grafito esferoidal denominada EN-GJS-400- 18-LT. Este tipo específico de fundición pertenece a la norma europea “EN-1563: Fundiciones. Fundición de grafito esferoidal”. Exige esta especificación que, en una probeta adosada a la pieza moldeada, se superen unos valores mínimos de resistencia al impacto Charpy a -20ºC, y de resistencia a la tracción, límite elástico y alargamiento a temperatura ambiente. Pero no obliga a que se emplee una composición química determinada. Un problema añadido es que algunos compradores de aerogeneradores piden que se cumplan los valores mínimos en cualquier localización de la pieza, como por ejemplo en los centros térmicos. Además, esos valores mínimos deben obtenerse en estado de bruto de colada, ya que un recocido de ferritización, aunque podría hacer que se cumpliese con la especificación, resultaría muy costoso, dada la gran masa y dimensiones de los componentes. Este trabajo intenta optimizar la composición química con la que se fabrican este tipo de fundiciones, de forma que la microestructura que se obtenga permita que se cumpla la especificación EN-GJS-400-18-LT en cualquier localización. A partir de una composición química industrial con la que se fabrican bujes para aerogeneradores, se ha estudiado en primer lugar una disminución en el contenido de silicio. En segundo lugar, se analiza la incorporación de níquel a la composición ya reducida en silicio. Se utilizan, por tanto, tres composiciones químicas diferentes. También se estudia la influencia de diferentes velocidades de solidificación y enfriamiento sobre la microestructura y las propiedades mecánicas, mediante tres tamaños de sección distintos para cada una de las tres composiciones químicas. Se han fundido a tal efecto tres escaleras de idénticas dimensiones, una para cada composición. Además, se caracteriza la tenacidad de fractura de cada sección y composición química mediante la mecánica de fractura elastoplástica.

The spheroidal graphite cast iron named EN-GJS-400-18-LT is the material selected by wind turbine designers for some of their large components. This particular type of cast iron belongs to the European Norm “EN-1563: Founding. Spheroidal graphite cast irons.” This specific grade requires that a test bar attached to the cast component exceed certain minimum values of Charpy impact resistance at -20ºC, and also values regarding tensile strength, yield strength and elongation at room temperature. But there is no obligation to use a determined chemical composition. An additional problem is that some wind turbine purchasers require that minimum values be reached in any location of the component, as for example in the thermal centres. Moreover, these minimum values should be obtained as-cast, since a ferritization annealing would be very costly, due to the great mass and dimensions of the components. This study attempts to optimize the chemical composition used to produce this kind of cast irons, in such a way that the obtained microstructure enables the EN-GJS-400-18-LT grade to be achieved in any location. On the basis of an industrial chemical composition employed to manufacture hubs for windmills a reduction in the silicon content has been investigated in the first place. Secondly, an addition of nickel to the composition already reduced in silicon has been analyzed. Therefore, three different chemical compositions are utilized. The influence of various solidification rates is also studied, as well as the cooling rates upon the microstructure and mechanical properties, through three different section thicknesses for each of the three chemical compositions. Three stairs of identical dimensions, one for each chemical composition, have been casted for that purpose. Besides, the fracture toughness of each section thickness and chemical composition is characterized by using elastic-plastic fracture mechanics.

Materialen eta Fabrikazioaren Ingeniaritzako Doktoretza Programa Ofiziala (ED 1393/2007)

Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería de Materiales y Fabricación (RD 1393/2007)

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Fundición de grafito esferoidal, Aerogeneradores, Fundición de matriz ferrítica, Chemical composition, Fracture mechanics, Composición química, Mecánica de fractura

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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