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handle: 2445/176598
RESUMEN Los pacientes en diálisis constituyen un grupo de riesgo cardiovascular muy elevado, ya que esta patología representa alrededor del 50% de las causas de muerte en estos pacientes, y la mortalidad cardiovascular es entre 10 y 20 veces superior respecto a la población general tras ajustar por edad, sexo y raza. La patología cardiovascular en estos pacientes no se explica únicamente por la elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos (edad, hipertensión, diabetes, hiperlipemia, tabaquismo, etc.). Por ello, se postula que la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular «nuevos» (hiperhomocisteinemia, hiperfibrinogenemia, elevación de lipoproteína (a), el estrés oxidativo, la inflamación, etc.) o relacionados con el estado urémico (anemia, el estado hiperdinámico inducido por el acceso vascular, alteraciones del metabolismo calcio-fósforo, hiperparatiroidismo, acumulación de inhibidores endógenos de la síntesis de óxido nítrico, etc.) podrían explicar esta mayor morbi-mortalidad cardiovascular. El evento inicial en el desarrollo de la aterosclerosis es la disfunción endotelial. Los pacientes urémicos presentan una disfunción endotelial, que es aparente incluso antes de iniciar tratamiento sustitutivo renal, y que persiste o se agrava cuando los pacientes están en diálisis. Por todo ello, estos pacientes deben ser considerados como un grupo de alto riesgo cardiovascular, y el tratamiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular debe ser precoz, agresivo y multifactorial para intentar reducir la elevada morbimortalidad cardiovascular que sufren. ABSTRACT Dialysis patients constitute a high-risk subset of patients for developing cardiovascular disease, which accounts for nearly 50% of deaths. After stratification for age, race and gender, cardiovascular mortality is 10-20 times higher in dialysis patients than in the general population. Cardiovascular disease in this population cannot be fully explained by the high prevalence of classical cardiovascular risk factors (age, hypertension, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, smoking, etc.). Thus, the involvement of «new» cardiovascular risk factors (hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, high lipoprotein (a) levels, oxidative stress, inflammation, etc.), and uremia-related factors (anemia, impaired calcium-phosphorus metabolism, hyperparathyroidism, accummulation of endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis, etc.) has been also invoked to play a role in the increased cardiovascular risk in these patients. Endothelial dysfunction is the initial event in the development of atherosclerosis. Uremic patients exhibit an endothelial dysfunction, even before starting dialysis, which persists o is even aggravated under dialysis treatment. Uremic patients must be considered at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Thus cardiovascular risk factors in these patients should be managed early, aggressive and multifactorially in order to reduce their high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Cardiovascular diseases, Malalties cardiovasculars, Insuficiència renal crònica, Chronic renal failure, Diàlisi, Dialysis
Cardiovascular diseases, Malalties cardiovasculars, Insuficiència renal crònica, Chronic renal failure, Diàlisi, Dialysis
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