The aim of this chapter is to grant new scientific visibility to a sociology of religious orders, particularly monasticism which, as is evidenced by studies which will be cited later, is gradually becoming stronger. In order to develop our theme, the following section will introduce theoretical notions of the sociology of monasticism. Section 3 will offer a conceptual map for the study of contemporary Catholic monasticism, whereas Section 4 dwells upon an emerging phenomenon worldwide: so-called New Monasticism. Finally, on the basis of research findings, an organisational model for the study of monasticism will be constructed.