Screening of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that includes estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and evaluation proteinuria should be performed in all HIV-infected patients and these parameters have to be monitored annually in patients at higher risk for CKD. Black patients have a genetic predisposition to develop HIV-associated nephropathy. Suppression of HIV viral replication with antiretroviral therapy prevents the development of HIV-associated nephropathy or halts its progression. Kidney biopsy remains the most informative diagnosis test to differentiate various forms of kidney diseases in HIV-infected patients. Dosing antiretroviral agents with kidney metabolism should be adjusted when eGFR is bellow 50 mL/min/1.73 m(2). eGFR and serum phosphorus at baseline and during treatment should be carefully assessed in patients receiving tenofovir. Proximal renal tubular toxicity must be further evaluated in the presence of eGFR decrease and/or hypophosphatemia under tenofovir therapy.