Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine has been included in the national Immunization Program in more than 120 countries around the world and its effectiveness and safety have been confirmed. In Japan, Hib vaccine was recently licensed in December 2008. Because it has included in the category of voluntary vaccine and the burden of out-of-pocket expense is a major concern for caregivers, payment coverage through the local government funded by the temporal national budget has been initiated since November 2010. It is important to make an effort to fill the "vaccine gap" between Japan and other developed countries and increase a vaccine coverage rate including Hib vaccine to decrease vaccine preventable diseases in Japanese children.