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Buques LNG:FSRU

Authors: Martínez Pereira, Alán;

Buques LNG:FSRU

Abstract

[Resumen]Al tratarse de una energía versátil, limpia, económica y eficiente, el gas natural en estado gaseoso ofrece muy distintos usos y aplicaciones, tanto en los ámbitos comerciales y de servicios, como en el industrial y la propia generación de energía eléctrica. Sin embargo, por ser un gas, tanto su transporte como su almacenamiento deberán realizarse en estado líquido al objeto de reducir al máximo su volumen para, de esta manera, optimizar tanto el espacio requerido por dichos procesos, como igualmente la tecnología implícita en los mismos, en definitiva, para que su transporte sea rentable. El proceso de conversión de gas de la fase gaseosa a la líquida es denominado licuefacción. El proceso contrario es conocido como regasificación. Los buques GNL tradicionales transportan el gas en fase licuada de una terminal a otra, y es en las terminales en donde se lleva a cabo la regasificación para, desde allí, enviarse posteriormente a la red de suministro. Por otro lado, existen los denominados buques FSRU (Floating Storage and Regasification Unit / Unidades Flotantes de Almacenamiento y de Regasificación), los cuales son capaces de realizar el proceso de regasificación a bordo. Estos buques suelen estar amarrados a una torre o a tierra y envían el gas regasificado directamente a la red de suministro de tierra para su explotación industrial. Este proceso conlleva un gran ahorro de costes, de tiempo y de infraestructura requerida, además de disminuir considerablemente el impacto ambiental. Asimismo, estos buques pueden movilizarse muy fácilmente donde sean solicitados a fin de satisfacer la demanda de gas, requiriendo por otro lado de muchos menos permisos y recursos que una terminal de gas convencional. Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado hace especial hincapié en la economía que subyace detrás del gas natural. Como materia prima utilizada principalmente como combustible en la industria de producción de electricidad y el transporte, compite con otras opciones como el carbón y el petróleo, cuya combustión genera emisiones muy dañinas para la capa de ozono y el medio ambiente en general. Asimismo, y debido a diferentes regulaciones y convenios existentes ya en estos momentos, se prevé que el gas natural tendrá un crecimiento considerable en las próximas décadas, ello por tratarse de una fuente de energía con un nivel de emisiones de óxidos de azufre, óxidos nitrosos y materia particulada muy inferiores al de otras opciones energéticas más tradicionales. En el presente trabajo se aborda el ciclo del GNL desde que entra por las mangueras o brazos de carga, explicando el proceso de almacenamiento en los distintos tipos de tanques, el funcionamiento de la planta de relicuefacción, las bombas de alta y baja presión y, finalmente, la exportación del gas. Además, trataremos la maniobra de abarloamiento entre buques GNL y buques FSRU, y la operación de transferencia de GNL.

[Abstract] As it is a versatile, clean, economical and efficient energy, natural gas in its gaseous state offers a range of very diverse uses and applications, both in the commercial and service areas, as for the industrial and the generation of electric power itself. However, because it is a gas, both its transport and its storage must be carried out in a liquid state in order to reduce its volume to the maximum as for to optimize both, the room required by these processes and the technology implicit in the processes themselves. The gas conversion process from the gas phase to the liquid phase is called liquefaction. The opposite process is known as regasification. Traditional LNG (liquefied natural gas) vessels transport liquefied gas from one terminal to another, and it is at terminals where the regasification is carried out. From there it is subsequently sent to the supply network. On the other hand, there are so-called FSRU vessels (Floating Storage and Regasification Unit) which are capable of carrying out the on-board regasification process themselves. These vessels are usually moored to a tower or to land and send regasified gas directly to the land supply network for industrial uses and operations. This process entails a great saving in costs, time and required infrastructure, in addition to considerably reducing the environmental impact. Also, these vessels can be easily located where needed in order to satisfy the gas demand, requiring on the other hand much fewer permits and resources than a conventional gas terminal. This End-of-Degree Project emphasizes the economy that underlies natural gas. As a feedstock used mainly as fuel in the electricity production and transport industry, it competes with other options such as coal and oil, whose combustion generates very harmful emissions for the ozone layer and the environment in general. Also, due to different regulations and agreements currently already in place, it is expected that natural gas will have considerable growth in the coming decades, because it is a source of energy with a level of emissions of sulphur oxides, nitrous oxides and particulate matter very inferior to other more traditional energy options. In the present work we will deal with the LNG cycle from the moment it enters the hoses or loading arms, explaining the storage process in the different types of tanks, the operation of the reliquefaction plant, the high and low pressure pumps and, finally , the export of gas. In addition, we will deal with the manoeuvre alongside between LNG vessels and FSRU vessels.

Traballo fin de grao (UDC.ETSNEM). Náutica e transporte marítimo. Curso 2017/2018

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

FSRU (unidades de regasificación y almacenamiento flotante), LNG (liquefied natural gas), LNG cycle, Planta de relicuefacción, FSRU (floating storage and regasification unit), Ciclo del LNG, Reliquefaction plant, GNL (gas natural licuado)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green