This chapter explores the concept of social and emotional well-being (SEWB) as a foundational framework for understanding health among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. Unlike Western medical models, which focus primarily on individual pathology, SEWB adopts a holistic approach, emphasizing the interconnectedness of physical, mental, and spiritual health with cultural identity, community, and the natural environment. Central to this framework are seven domains of connection: body, mind and emotions, family and kinship, community, culture, country, and spirituality. The chapter also examines the significant social determinants and historical forces, such as colonization, institutional racism, and government policies, that have shaped the well-being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Epidemiological data on psychological distress, mental disorders, substance use, and related health outcomes are presented, highlighting the disproportionate burden of mental illness and substance use disorders within these communities. Intergenerational trauma is also discussed, underscoring its profound and enduring impact on the social and emotional health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. This chapter emphasizes the need for culturally informed, community-driven approaches to health that acknowledge the resilience and strengths embedded within Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures.