The tenor saxophone has gained prominence as a classical instrument for composers and performers during the last four decades. Interest in the instrument has inspired the creation of innovative works and tenor saxophonists are charged with preparing these works for performance. Performing new repertoire has impacted the way in which the classical tenor saxophonists explore the musical potential of their instrument and their role in a larger sense. The aim of this study is to identify important works in the contemporary classical tenor saxophone repertoire, establish how performers approach these works, and discover their perceptions of the instrument. Twenty-two professional saxophonists from Australia, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States of America completed a questionnaire in which they identified significant contemporary classical tenor saxophone works and explained why the works were important to the instrument’s modern repertoire. Twelve saxophonists then participated in an interview in which they explored their perceptions of classical tenor saxophone performance, and gave insights into their experiences studying, performing and teaching the most significant repertoire. Three key works written between 1986 and 2011 were identified, all of which utilised the tenor saxophone’s extensive musical and technical capabilities. These works were all written in a contemporary style and featured strong influences from jazz/pop music. Saxophonists regarded the tenor saxophone as a versatile instrument remarkably suited to the classical idiom and unique in the saxophone family. These professionals employed novel technical and musical approaches in their performance of the contemporary tenor saxophone repertoire to create successful and authentic interpretations. They explained their common perceptions of the instrument and shared a collective musical identity as classical tenor saxophonists.