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Microplásticos en aguas procedentes de la industria textil

Authors: Gómez Carmona, Berta;

Microplásticos en aguas procedentes de la industria textil

Abstract

La presencia de microplásticos en el medio ambiente se ha convertido en una de las principales preocupaciones a nivel global, especialmente aquellos liberados en procesos industriales como la tintura textil. Estos microplásticos, comúnmente en forma de microfibras sintéticas, se liberan durante los procesos de fabricación y lavado, terminando en océanos y ríos contribuyendo así a la contaminación ambiental a largo plazo. Este proyecto se enfoca en analizar y evaluar la liberación de microfibras en los efluentes generados por ensayos de tintura de poliéster, mediante un enfoque experimental bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio. Se realizaron dos ensayos experimentales. En el primero se utilizaron diferentes colorantes (rubí, azul, amarillo y tricromía) con el objetivo de observar el impacto de cada uno de ellos en la liberación de microfibras. Las aguas obtenidas tras cada una de las tres etapas del proceso, tintura, lavado reductor y aclarado, se filtraron por separado, excepto en un tubo por color, cuya agua se reservó para una filtración conjunta al final del proceso. Los filtros fueron analizados cualitativa y cuantitativamente mediante estereoscopia e imágenes digitales, y se calcularon las masas teórica y experimental de microfibras. En el segundo ensayo, centrado únicamente en el colorante rubí, las aguas de las tres etapas se filtraron conjuntamente. Además, se aplicaron agentes oxidantes, ácido nítrico y lejía, con el fin de eliminar los residuos de colorante de los filtros y así obtener una estimación más precisa de la masa de fibras retenidas. Los filtros fueron analizados de la misma manera que para el primer ensayo. Los resultados evidencian que el colorante rubí parece desprender una mayor liberación de microplásticos que los colorantes azul y amarillo, siendo este último el que menos fibras desprende, aunque no haya evidencia química que respalde que el uso de un colorante desprenda o no más microfibras. Asimismo, se observó que la filtración conjunta de los efluentes genera resultados más elevados en número de fibras que la filtración por etapas. Estas diferencias indican que tanto la naturaleza del colorante como la gestión del efluente influyen directamente en la cantidad de microfibras liberadas, aportando información relevante para desarrollar procesos más sostenibles en la industria textil.

The presence of microplastics in the environment has become one of the main global concerns, particularly those released during industrial processes such as textile dyeing. These microplastics, commonly in the form of synthetic microfibers, are shed during manufacturing and washing processes, eventually ending up in oceans and rivers, thus contributing to long-term environmental pollution. This project focuses on analyzing and evaluating the release of microfibers in the effluents generated by polyester dyeing processes through an experimental approach under controlled laboratory conditions. Two experimental dyeing trials were conducted. In the first, different dyes (ruby, blue, yellow, and trichromy) were used with the aim of observing the impact of each on microfiber release. The water collected after each of the three process stages—dyeing, reductive washing, and rinsing—was filtered separately, except for one tube per color, whose effluent was saved for a final combined filtration. The filters were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively using stereoscopy and digital imaging, and the theoretical and experimental masses of microfibers were calculated. The second trial focused solely on the ruby dye, as it showed the highest release of microfibers in the first test. In this case, the effluents from all three stages were filtered together. Additionally, oxidizing agents (nitric acid and bleach) were applied to the filters in order to remove dye residues and obtain a more accurate estimate of the retained fiber mass. These filters were analyzed following the same procedure as in the first trial. The results show that the ruby dye causes a significantly higher release of microplastics than the blue and yellow dyes, with the yellow dye releasing the least. Furthermore, it was observed that filtering the combined effluents resulted in a higher number of detected fibers compared to filtering them separately. These differences indicate that both the chemical nature of the dye and the effluent handling strategy directly influence the amount of microfibers released, providing valuable insights for developing more sustainable practices in the textile industry.

Aquest treball analitza l'alliberament de microplàstics, en forma de microfibres, durant processos de tintura de polièster a la indústria tèxtil. Es van fer assaigs en laboratori amb diferents colorants per observar-ne l'efecte. També es van provar mètodes per eliminar el colorant dels filtres sense fer malbé les fibres. L’estudi aporta dades útils per reduir la contaminació tèxtil.

Keywords

Tints i tenyit, Water -- Pollution, Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament humà i sostenible::Degradació ambiental::Contaminació de l'aigua, Microplastics, Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria tèxtil::Indústria tèxtil, Dyes and dyeing, Aigua -- Contaminació, Microplàstics

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green