This paper reports preliminary findings from select re-analyses and new excavations conducted under remit of the project ‘Human Populations and Demographics in Qatar from the Neolithic to the Late Iron Age’ (performed in cooperation with Sidra Medicine, the Department of Biology of the University of Rome Tor Vergata, and Qatar Museums Authority). Due to the absence of large settlements, our understanding of pre-Islamic societies in Qatar has until recently been extremely limited. However, progress in bioarchaeological research methods offers new possibilities to address this knowledge gap. Several thousand pre-Islamic burials can now be used as an important resource to elucidate the relationship between population dynamics and socio-cultural changes in pre-Islamic Qatar. In addition to analysis of previously excavated skeletal remains, new excavations can be conducted in carefully chosen cemeteries from different pre-Islamic periods, thereby allowing bioarchaeological samples to be retrieved from undisturbed burial contexts.