Silvopastoral systems (SPs) are present all around Europe, being still important elements of cul-tural identity of many marginal, stress-prone regions. They are managed mostly as extensive, low-input farm-ing. SPs are used for multiple purposes which generate timber and non-timber forest products, high-quality foods, livestock and game products, recreational and cultural services. SPs have the potential to be an out-standing High Nature Value farming system, however, they are currently facing both environmental and eco-nomic threats that might compromise their long-term persistence either by agricultural intensification or by abandonment. In recent decades, needs and challenges emerged in the modern society have led to a new concept of land use. Bioenergy, carbon sequestration, control of nutrient leaching, halting of biodiversity loss and recreational uses could increase economic profitability of SPs. To cope with these new functions, there is a need of innovative techniques and specific policy measures to solve those threats and reinforce their social and ecological roles.