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Representing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

A short history and some research questions
Authors: Bourdon, Jérôme;

Representing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Abstract

This paper puts the representations of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Western world into historical perspective, while also evoking the international differences between the media and public opinion in the U.S, on the one side, and in Europe, on the other side. It starts from the favorable image which Israel has enjoyed until the Six-Day War, with the notable exception of the Communist world and its media. This can be explained mostly by the post-war discovery of the genocide, the identification of Israel with a European state in a zone still to be “civilized”, and diplomatic alliances. From 1967 onwards, the media have gradually adopted a more critical stance about Israel, but while this started right away in Europe, it took more time (and remains more subdued) in the US. The Palestinian cause has gradually become a major “good fight”, among left-wing circles, especially radical ones, previously closer to Israel. Israel has become a nation of settlers in occupied territories and a more religious nation, a problematic image in a post-colonial and highly secular Europe. For foreign correspondents, the occupation (televising a powerful army facing civilians) has become the central “story” – in lieu of the heroic narrative of the new State. The “return of the (anti-Semitic) repressed” and its conversion into radical anti-Israeli sentiments must also be considered. It might be that we have entered, since 2005, a third phase. The image of the Palestinian is blurred by the connection with an Islamic world increasingly perceived as a threat, which may create more support for Israel, or, at least, detachment or increased “compassion fatigue”. The US-Europe rift is growing: the American public shows much support for Israel, while in Europe, some data suggest that, except for militant or diasporic publics involved in the conflict for specific reasons (and passionately monitoring the media), it is becoming increasingly difficult for the public at large to take sides.

Cette présentation propose un parcours historique des questions majeures que pose l’étude des représentations du conflit israélo-palestinien dans le monde occidental, en évoquant aussi les différences internationales, singulièrement entre les médias et les opinions publiques américaines d’une part, européennes d’autre part. Elle part de l’image favorable dont Israël a longtemps bénéficié dans le monde occidental après la création de l’État en 1948, à la notable exception du monde communiste et de ses médias. Cette “israélophilie”, au moins apparente, peut s’expliquer par la vague de sympathie née après le génocide, par l’identification d’Israël à un État européen dans une zone du monde “à civiliser”, par des alliances diplomatiques… À partir de 1967, les médias occidentaux ont adopté une position plus critique. L’occupation des territoires, identifiée à la colonisation désormais condamnable, la sympathie pour la cause palestinienne devenue peu à peu le “bon combat” pour la gauche et singulièrement la gauche radicale, la montée du fondamentaliste religieux en Israël (spécialement pour une Europe très laïque) constituent des facteurs explicatifs. Le retour du refoulé antisémite sous forme d’anti-israélisme doit aussi être considéré. Pour les correspondants, l’occupation, avec ses images de civils palestiniens face à une armée puissante, remplace le narratif héroïque du nouvel État. Enfin, peut-être sommes-nous entré, depuis 2005, dans une phase plus incertaine. Certains facteurs sont défavorables aux Palestiniens : ainsi la montée internationale de l’Islam radical associés aux attentats suicide, la division entre Gaza et la Cisjordanie. Israël recueille toujours la sympathie américaine, mais en Europe, l’étude de l’opinion publique à long terme suggère que la part des indifférents au conflit s’accroit, même si les minorités de public militants et diasporiques continuent de suivre le conflit (et de surveiller les médias) avec passion.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold