Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection is one of the most common vector-borne diseases. The aim of this article is to review the scientific literature on various aspects of Anaplasma phagocytophilum – general characteristics, epidemiological cycle, vectors, reservoirs and hosts, an infection in wild animals and rodents. The review of the literature has shown that over the last 30 years, knowledge of Anaplasma phagocytophilum has increased significantly.