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İznik çinisinde şemse uygulamaları

Authors: Dirim, Raziye;

İznik çinisinde şemse uygulamaları

Abstract

Rosette, which has an important place in Turkish decorations, has been a topic for research on carpet-rug and binding arts; however, it has not been examined in art of tile sufficiently. That is why; rosette form used in İznik tiles of classical period forms the main part of the research.Rosette, (Turkish: Şemse) which derives from Arabic word meaning sun (Şems), was firstly noticed in the tiles of Bursa Yeşil Tomb in Turkish art of tile. The application, which is the only one prepared with colored uncapping technique, has a form like a round one. The application was not in the catalogue because it was not İznik tile. İznik tiles of rosette applications, was produced with uncapping technique. The rosettes in these tiles are much like a round one or a classical shuttle form. The first rosette applications in uncapping technique were first noticed in Suleimanie Mosque. The first one of the applications is in the form of a classical shuttle, with little ornaments under and above of the rosette and in the composition of a cloud as well as standing on the corner inlays of the screens of locket shapes. The other application is similar to the form of a round, in the composition of a cloud and prepared in the style of addition.The rosette applications, designed in the form of a screen on its own, were firstly used in Eyup Sultan Tomb. The best examples of rosette application are available at Selimiye Mosque, Valide-I Atik Mosque, Siyavuş Pasha Tomb, Eyup Sultan Tomb, The Private Room of Murat III in Topkapi Palace, Tomb of Selim II and Sultan Ahmet Mosque. Throughout the examinations, it was seen that almost all of the rosette applications of 16th century were adorned with flowers of naturalist style, with borders handled elaborately and in the form of classical shuttle form. As for the applications of 17th century; mainly rumi compositions were preferred, borders are handled in a simpler way and rosettes are designed in a form similar to a round one. In the cataloguing process of the research, rosettes were grouped according to the centuries they belong to and the ones which belong to the same century were grouped according to the construction date of the buildings they stay on. As a result of the researches done, 120 rosettes of 31 buildings were catalogued. 103 of applications are different from each other totally in terms of features of color and pattern. The rosettes determined are examined in seven groups as periods, color of background, borders, compositions used, the little ornaments under and above, symmetry aspects and the area of usage. A chart showing how many rosettes there are on the determined buildings in each group was prepared and added as an appendix at the end of the thesis.

Türk tezyinatında önemli bir yer tutan şemse, halı-kilim ve cilt sanatlarında araştırma konusu oluşmuş ancak çini sanatında yeterince incelenmemiştir. Bu sebeple çalışmanın ana temasını klasik dönem İznik çinilerinde kullanılan şemse formu oluşturmaktadır.Arapça güneş anlamına gelen şems kelimesinden türetilmiş olan şemse, Türk çini sanatında ilk olarak Bursa Yeşil Türbe çinilerinde tespit edilmiştir. Renkli sır tekniğinde hazırlanmış tek örnek olan uygulama, yuvarlağa yakın bir forma sahiptir. Uygulama İznik çinisi olmadığından kataloglamada yer almamıştır. Şemse uygulamalı İznik çinileri, sıraltı tekniğinde üretilmişlerdir. Bu çinilerde yer alan şemseler, yuvarlağa yakın ya da klasik mekik formundadırlar. Sıraltı tekniğinde ilk şemse uygulamaları Süleymaniye Camii'nde tespit edilmiştir. Uygulamalardan ilki, klasik mekik formunda, salbekli ve bulut kompozisyonlu olup, madalyon şeklindeki panoların köşe dolgularında yer almaktadır. Diğer uygulama yuvarlağa yakın formlu, bulut kompozisyonlu olup, ulama tarzında tasarlanmıştır. Başlı başına pano şeklinde tasarlanmış şemse uygulamaları ise, ilk olarak Eyüp Sultan Türbesi'nde kullanılmıştır. Şemse uygulamalı çinilere ait en güzel örnekler Selimiye Camii, Rüstem Paşa Camii, Rüstem Paşa Türbesi, Valide-i Atik Camii, Siyavuş Paşa Türbesi, Eyüp Sultan Türbesi, Topkapı Sarayı III. Murat Has Oda, II. Selim Türbesi ve Sultan Ahmet Camii'nde mevcuttur.İncelemelerde XVI. yüzyıla ait şemse uygulamalarının geneli natüralist üsluplu çiçeklerle bezenmiş, sınırları ayrıntılı olarak işlenmiş, klasik mekik formundadırlar. XVII. yüzyıla ait uygulamalarda ise yoğun olarak rumi kompozisyonları tercih edilmiş, sınırlar daha sade işlenmiş ve şemseler yuvarlağa yakın formlarda tasarlanmışlardır. Araştırmanın kataloglama aşamasında şemseler yüzyıllarına göre gruplandırılmış, aynı yüzyıla ait uygulamalar bulundukları yapıların inşa tarihi dikkate alınarak incelenmişlerdir. Yapılan araştırmanın sonunda 31 yapıdan 120 adet şemse kataloglanmıştır. Uygulamalardan 103 tanesi renk ve desen özellikleri açısından birbirinden tamamen farklıdırlar. Tespit edilen şemseler, dönemlerine, zemin rengine, sınırlarına, kullanılan kompozisyonlarına, salbeklerine, simetri durumuna ve kullanım alanlarına göre yedi grupta incelenmiştir. Belirlenen yapılarda hangi gruptan kaçar tane şemse bulunduğunu gösteren bir çizelge hazırlanarak tezin son kısmına eklenmiştir.

405

Country
Turkey
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Keywords

Iznik tiles, Motifs, 16. century, Solar, Şemse, Tile, Art History, Çini sanatı, Sanat Tarihi, Ottoman architecture, Crafts, Art, El Sanatları, Architectural works

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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