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Diseño y aplicación de biosensores para medir hacinamiento macromolecular in vivo

Authors: Labanda, María Soledad;

Diseño y aplicación de biosensores para medir hacinamiento macromolecular in vivo

Abstract

El interior de las células se caracteriza por su alto contenido de macromoléculas que pueden ocupar hasta un 40% del volumen total, dependiendo del tipo celular y su estado fisiológico. Esta variable característica de los entornos biológicos se conoce como hacinamiento macromolecular. El volumen excluido por el hacinamiento genera importantes consecuencias termodinámicas y cinéticas sobre procesos biológicos como el plegado y la agregación de proteína, reacciones de asociación o disociación, entre otros, convirtiéndolo en un parámetro de gran relevancia biológica. En este trabajo se desarrollaron sensores basados en FRET que permiten detectar variaciones en el nivel hacinamiento molecular en células vivas. Su diseño se basa en una fusión de proteínas capaces de realizar transferencia de energía por resonancia de Förster (FRET) unidas por un segmento espaciador desestructurado y flexible, de manera que puedan adoptar conformaciones más compactas en medios hacinados. Los estudios in vitro de los sensores muestran que la eficiencia de FRET se incrementa al aumentar el nivel de hacinamiento del medio, lo que confirma que en condiciones hacinadas los sensores se compactan. Para probar su funcionamiento en células vivas, los sensores se expresaron en bacterias (E. coli BL26) a las que se les aplicó un shock osmótico exponiéndolas a medios con alta concentración de NaCl. Los resultados muestran que la eficiencia de FRET aumenta instantáneamente luego del shock, indicando que la respuesta al estrés osmótico va acompañada por un aumento en el nivel de hacinamiento celular. Además, al revertir el shock osmótico volviendo a concentraciones fisiológicas de sal, se vio que la eficiencia de FRET vuelve a bajar, comprobando que la respuesta de los sensores es modulada y reversible. En conclusión, gracias a la flexibilidad del linker los sensores se compactan para ubicarse en los espacios libres que quedan entre las moléculas presentes en medios hacinados, donde el grado de compactación aumenta al incrementarse el nivel de hacinamiento. La eficiencia de FRET de los sensores varía según el grado de compactación, permitiendo su aplicación para el estudio in vivo de cambios de hacinamiento producidos durante procesos biológicos relevantes, como la respuesta a proteínas mal plegadas y la compactación de la cromatina en los núcleos de células eucariontes.

The interior of the cells is highly crowded by macromolecules that occupy up to 40% of the total volume, depending on the cell type and its physiological state. This variable is known as macromolecular crowding. The volume excluded by crowding has important thermodynamic and kinetic consequences on biological processes like protein folding and aggregation, association or dissociation reactions. For this reason, macromolecular crowding is a biologically relevant parameter. In this work we developed a family of FRET-based biosensors that detect variations in macromolecular crowding level in living cells. Their design consists in a FRET-capable protein pair fused by a flexible linker that can adopt more compact conformations in crowded media. The in vitro experiments with pure biosensors show that FRET efficiency rises with increasing crowding level, confirming that in crowded conditions the probes condense and their degree of compaction depends on crowding level. To test their functionality in living cells, the sensors were expressed in bacteria (E. coli BL26). Upon an osmotic stress with NaCl the FRET efficiency instantaneously rises, indicating that the osmotic stress produces an increase in crowding level. Moreover, the sensor response can be modulated and is reversible, as showed by the fall of FRET efficiency after restoring the original levels of salt. In conclusion, the flexibility of the linker allows the compaction of the probes as crowding level increases, and this change can be easily detected by following FRET efficiency. This property enables their application for in vivo studies of crowding changes during relevant biological processes, like the misfolded protein response or the chromatin compaction in eukaryotic cells.

Fil: Labanda, María Soledad. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

Country
Argentina
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Keywords

570, PROTEINAS DE FUSION, MACROMOLECULAR CROWDING, EFECTOS DE VOLUMEN EXCLUIDO, FUSION PROTEINS, PROTEINAS FLUORESCENTES, ESTRES OSMOTICO, OSMOTIC STRESS, FLUORESCENT PROTEINS, HACINAMIENTO MOLECULAR, BIOSENSOR, FRET, EXCLUDED VOLUME EFFECTS, BIOSENSORES, FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER (FRET)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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Green