Neuro-protection in this context is an important concept in the treatment of patients in the early, prodromal phase of psychosis, otherwise known as the 'At Ultra High Risk Mental State'. Neuro-protection as described here refers to the use of agents to control the process of apoptosis, which occurs more rapidly in the earliest phases of schizophrenia. There is a need to identify medications with fewer side effects than anti-psychotics in order to treat at risk mental states, or prodromal psychosis. Studies have shown that schizophrenia occurs in males at an earlier age than females. Later, at about the time of the menopause, there is a second peak in the incidence of psychosis (schizophrenia) in women. Hence it has been suggested that Oestrogen may be neuroprotective. Studies have shown that the addition of oestradiol to anti-psychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia in females increased the efficacy of the treatment, which suggests that oestrogen does indeed have a neuroprotective action. However oestrogen has never been used in 'at ultra high risk mental states', perhaps because of concern regarding side effects.