Thesis (PhD(Environmental Remediation and Public Health))--University of South Australia, 2013. Includes bibliographical references (pages 153-180) Shooting ranges are one of the major sources of heavy metal contamination of the environment. Spent lead-based bullets and fragments accumulate in the stop butt of shooting ranges as a result of firing activities. These are subject to weathering over time, releasing various metal(loid)s including lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and arsenic (As) into the soil. The risk associated with these contaminants necessitates sustainable management of shooting ranges. Current management practices involve excavation and transport of the contaminated soils to prescribed landfills, making this an expensive and unsustainable process and an intergenerational issue. For this reason there has been significant demand for a cost effective remediation technology that is sustainable in the long-term.