The clinical relevance of central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) is highly controversial. The paper explicates different concepts of CAPD and reviews empirical studies of the relationship between auditory deficits and learning or psychiatric disorders. The overview of the available literature reveals that numerous authors have described subnormal auditory abilities in groups of children with developmental language disorders, dyslexia or ADHD. However, little or no relationship between the severity of clinical impairment and auditory deficits has been found. Thus auditory deficits do not appear to be causally related to learning disorders or conduct disorders. With respect to the diagnostic process the review makes clear that the validity of the diagnosis CAPD is low. There is no agreement about diagnostic criteria, and the reliability of most auditory tests in insufficient. Moreover, while an auditory training can only improve the directly trained auditory functions, there is no transfer effect to learning ability of behavior. Altogether there is little evidence for a significant relevance of CAPD in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.