We showed in our presentation that both the informed as well as the community consent are indispensable elements for the collection, processing, use and transferral of indigenous samples and data. At the same time we find that these elements must be adapted to specific local as well as regional cultural particularities in order to function as effective standards. Moreover, these two instruments are not sufficient, but must be supplemented by further instruments. One major one is an international control agency which should be organized based on the principle of the charitable trust.