The present analysis deals with the identification of populations at risk with regard to oral hygiene and the prevention of caries in children and adolescents in Germany. Using a written questionnaire, which constituted a part of the KIGGS Survey for children and adolescents, 17,641 participants aged between 0 to 17 years were asked about how frequently they brushed their teeth, and how often they had dental check-ups. During a standardised medical interview caries preventative medications were recorded. In consideration of socio-demographic factors, risk populations for insufficient dental hygiene and caries prophylaxis were identified by means of logistic regression. Determinants for insufficient dental hygiene are male sex (odds ratio (OR) 1.6), low social status (OR 2.2) and migrational background (OR 2.3). The social and culture-specific determinancy is also mirrored in the insufficient utilisation of dental check-ups. In addition, there are significant differences between East and West Germany (OR West 1.3) and urban residence (OR 1.9). Age (0-2 years OR 10.4), social and migrational status proved to be significant factors influencing use of tablet fluoridation. These results stress the necessity of preventative measures for these specific target groups to improve dental hygiene and health.