Heterotopic ossification is a frequently encountered orthopaedic condition with multiple etiologies. Although not commonly problematic, it can be a devastating complication. Prophylactic measures, early recognition, and appropriate treatment are paramount in the management of this disorder. This article presents a review of the literature, delineates predisposing factors and identification of high-risk patients, and discusses current modes of prophylaxis and treatment of neurogenic and postoperative heterotopic bone formation.