This essay presents linguistic materials which were produced in the colonial era in the Andes in the context of Christianization to assist priests learning the indigenous languages. Considering that descriptive linguistics in general and the description of languages other than Latin and Greek in particular had only just started to develop in Europe, the missionaries’ achievement was pioneering. The dictionaries and grammars are described in the following way: a short biography of the author, a review of the editions of each work with information on its availability, its contents, its linguistic characteristics, and its potential for use in Andean studies. The languages materials presented include Quechua, Aymara, Mapuche or Araucano, Cholon, Muchic or Yunga, and Muisca.