Approximately 60% of cancer patients who receive chemotherapy experience symptoms of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) three months after completing treatment. CIPN patients typically present with predominantly sensory neuropathic symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning and/or shooting pain, painful responses to previously innocuous mechanical/thermal stimuli, pins and needles sensations and difficulties with sensing temperature. CIPN can become a dose-limiting factor during chemotherapy treatment and negatively affect patients’ quality of life long after receiving chemotherapy. Currently available treatment options are limited. A proof of concept study with 1% levomenthol cream showed clinically significant (≥30%) pain reduction in 50% of participants with neuropathic pain after cancer treatment (the majority diagnosed with CIPN). Mechanisms in the central nervous system are suspected to play a significant role in the onset and perpetuation of CIPN, as well as other forms of chronic pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful neuroimaging tool that can provide insight into brain structure and function. To further investigate the potential of topically applied levomenthol, a phase-II randomised controlled trial with embedded (functional) MRI was conducted (study details: MINT study Open Science Framework page, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04276727). In total, 52 patients were randomised to the study 1:1 to the placebo or treatment arm. Both groups were instructed to apply a gel with a minty odour twice daily for approximately six weeks. One of the gels contained 3% levomenthol. Pre- and post-intervention measures included a set of patient-reported outcomes, actigraphy and Quantitative Sensory Testing. The primary outcome of the study was a comparison of the proportion of patients who demonstrated a clinically significant improvement, defined as a decrease of ≥ 30% on the total score of an adapted version of the Brief Pain Inventory – Short Form. A sub-sample of 36 patients also completed resting state functional MRI and diffusion-weighted structural MRI scans pre- and post-intervention. In this thesis, the main clinical trial outcomes and the MRI sub-study outcomes are reported. High study retention levels and few reported side effects indicated good treatment tolerance and feasibility of the MRI component. Approximately 45% of patients in both the treatment and placebo group showed a clinically significant improvement in the primary outcome analysis (n = 49). Exploratory region of interest MRI analyses, suggested that participants in the active treatment condition showed increased connectivity between sub-regions of the insula and the sub-cortical regions in the thalamus and basal ganglia, and decreased connectivity with the rostral ventromedial medulla compared to placebo. Graph theory analyses suggested that levomenthol treatment associated with decreased structural and functional connectivity patterns in several sub-regions of the dorsal mid-posterior insula. Dynamic functional connectivity analyses suggested the treatment group spent slightly less time in a brain mode that corresponded with regions in the somatomotor and ventral attention networks. The detected treatment-effect patterns require further testing in larger samples for confirmation of the findings and relevance to analgesic effects. MRI analyses in the full sample indicated that CIPN discomfort was positively associated with increased time spent in the core default network, and negatively associated with modes comprised of regions in the cortical somatomotor network, amygdala and hippocampus. Negative associations were also found between CIPN discomfort and time spent in a mode comprised of both default and somatomotor network regions, as well as the nucleus accumbens.