Despite the abundant reports on clinical efficacy of radiosurgery (high-dose focused radiation) for the treatment of brain tumors, vascular malformations, and functional disease, limited histological information is available after treatment that might allow a better understanding of the response of the target and the surrounding brain to the delivered radiation. The use of animal models provides the opportunity to clarify these relationships and answer several other key questions arising in clinical practice. In this paper reported series of animal studies on radiosurgery were reviewed.