In order to clarify the genetic background of Pinellia ternata germplasm resources in China, the chromosomal constitution and cytogeographical distribution of P. ternata were investigated in 27 different populations among 16 provinces and regions in China systematically.Cytological and cytogeographical methods were used in the study.P. ternata in China is a polyploid complex, which contains septuploid (2n = 7x = 91) , octoploid (2n = 8x = 104) , nonuploid (2n = 9x = 117) and decaploid (2n = 10x = 130). Meanwhile the aneuploid series (2n = 92, 103, 105, 115) of a minority of P. ternata were also found.The genetic differentiation and the phenomenon of ploidy miscellany commonly exist in the species of P. ternata in China, both for natural populations and cultivated populations. Toxicity and chemical components of different ploidy P. ternata should be clarified before the superior multiploid is selected for normalized plantation of the plant.