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The Tropospheric Ozone Problem

Troposferski ozon
Authors: Moller, Detlev;

The Tropospheric Ozone Problem

Abstract

Mjerenja su pokazala udvostručenje koncentracije prizemnog ozona tijekom posljednjih stotinu godina. Primjena modela pokazala je udvostručenje koncentracija ozona u troposferi kao posljedice ljudskih aktivnosti. Srednja vrijednost koncentracije će vjerojatno i nadalje rasti. Nasuprot tomu, epizode povišenih koncentracija (ljetni smog) u Srednjoj Europi postale su rijetke tijekom posljednjega petogodišnjeg razdoblja. Objašnjenje te pojave pronađeno je u sniženju koncentracije NO (koji je katalizator pri stvaranju ozona), kao i sniženju koncentarcija prekursora ozona poput NMVOC (nemetanskih hlapivih organskih spojeva), što je posljedica uporabe katalitičkih konvertera motornih vozila. Porast pozadinskih koncentracija (background concentrations) na regionalnoj i globalnoj razini posljedica je daljnjeg povećanja emisija metana i vjerojatno ugljikova II oksida. Osnovni mehanizmi stvaranja ozona su dobro poznati, no još nije dovoljno razjašnjena uloga nekih specifičnih organskih spojeva podrijetlom iz biogenih izvora. Manje su međutim poznati mehanizmi nestajanja/razgradnje ozona, osobito u obliku heterogenih procesa. Bolje poznavanje navedenih procesa moglo bi pridonijeti do približno 30% sniženja sadržaja ozona u zraku na lokalnoj ili regionalnoj razini. Ključ za rješavanje problema ozona je poznavanje vremenskog i prostornog ponašanja njegovih prekursora. Kontrola kakvoće zraka treba polaziti kako od rezultata mjerenja tako i od poznavanja štetnih utjecaja ozona na biljni i životinjski svijet, a i na ljude. Štoviše, ozon pridonosi učinku staklenika. Kontrola onečišćenja zraka temeljena na ekološkim i ekonomskim principima zahtijeva dubinsko razumijevanje atmosfere i njezine reakcije s biosferom. Mjere se ne trebaju oslanjati samo na izučavanje pojedinačnih onečišćenja, već i na učinke, koji su redovito rezultat složenih uzroka. Problem su mjerljivi učinci kojih su posljedice neprihvatljive za zajednicu.

Derived from measurements it has been concluded that in the last hundred years the ground-based ozone concentration has risen by about a factor of two. Models also show a doubling of the tropospheric ozone content due to human activities. It is very likely that mean ozone concentration will further increase. In contrast, episodes with excess ozone levels (“summer smog”) have become rare in Central Europe during the last five years. This controversial finding is explained by the reduction of NOx (being the “catalyst” in ozone formation) as well as of reactive ozone precursors like non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) due to catalytic converters in motor cars. On the other hand, a further increase of methane emissions and probably carbon monoxide is responsible for regional and even global background increase of ozone. The principal formation mechanisms are well understood, despite some open questions concerning the contribution of specified organic substances, especially from biogenic sources. Less known, however, are chemical sinks, especially heterogeneous processes. A better knowledge of these processes may influence the global ozone budget by up to 30 % and the regional/local even more. The key question considering ozone abatement is that for determining precursors in time and space. Air quality control has also to consider the question of ozone impact on vegetation, animals and man. Moreover, ozone also contributes to the greenhouse effect. Air pollution control, based on ecological and economic principles, needs a complex understanding of the atmosphere and its interaction with the biosphere. Measures should not be focused on single pollutants, but on impacts, which always have complex causes. Only quantified impacts with consequences unaccepted by society may be a problem.

Country
Croatia
Related Organizations
Keywords

onečišćenje zraka, variranja koncentracija, oštećenje vegetacije, atmospheric chemistry, mjere smanjivanja emisija, air pollution, summer smog, human health, zdravlje ljudi, Oxidants, Photochemical, Ozone, emission abatement, Seasons, vegetation injuries, smog, concentration variation, kemija atmosfere

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold