Historical aspects of dilatation and curettage are discussed and the indications reviewed for this procedure in three major age-groups: (1) childhood and adolescence, (2) maturity and reproductive period, (3) menopause and post-menopause. As the most frequently performed obstetrical and gynecological procedure, it is not an innocuous operation, and clear-cut indications for its use are presented with reference to abnormal vaginal bleeding in all age groups, infertility, functional ovarian tumours, neoplasia of the uterus, cervical biopsy, and major pelvic surgery. It is concluded that dilatation and curettage has a major place in the diagnostic and the therapeutic armamentarium of the thorough obstetrician and gynecologist.