A genetic scheme of pollination in buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench and the specificity of work with its recessive mutations identified on the basis of heterostyly are considered. The possibility of obtaining a genetically determined donor of self-fertility on the basis of S1 allele controlling the development of the homostyle flower type in buckwheat is examined. The possibility of using homostyly as an efficient tool for the development of self-fertile homozygous lines and making their genetic analysis is also discussed.