The current roles of thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the treatment of cancer in Japan are described. Lymphadenectomy of the same quality as open surgery should be performed thoracoscopically to obtain good oncological outcomes. The indications for thoracoscopic esophagectomy are 1) no extensive pleural adhesions; 2) pulmonary function sufficient for single-lung ventilation; and 3) tumor not invading other organs. Hand-assisted or mini-thoracotomy facilitates the dissection of lymph nodes, especially on the left side of the trachea. However, for any type of procedure, a good en-face view is essential for safe and accurate lymphadenectomy. The magnifying effect of video, with the camera in close proximity, is important to maintain a proper dissecting plane. Although sufficient experience is necessary to master the learning curve, lymphadenectomy of the same quality as open surgery can be performed with mini-thoracotomy in a feasible time period. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy contributes to reducing postoperative pain and constrictive pulmonary dysfunction. It may be too soon to assert that the thoracoscopic approach can provide oncological outcomes comparable to those after open surgery because long-term follow up is not yet sufficient. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy, however, has the potential to improve the postoperative quality of life of patients with esophageal cancer.