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İltizam in the fetvas of Ottoman şeyhülislams

Authors: Akpınar, Kürşat Urungu;

İltizam in the fetvas of Ottoman şeyhülislams

Abstract

ABSTRACT İLTİZAM m THE FETVAS OF OTTOMAN ŞEYHÜLİSLAMS Akpınar, Kürşad Urungu M. A., Department of History Supervisor: Dr. Evgenia Kermeli September 2000 İltizam, farming out revenues to individuals in exchange of an agreed sum of money for a limited period, had been one of the chief means of raising revenues for the Ottoman treasury. The decline of the timar system after sixteenth century rendered iltizam ever more important. Not only the state, but individuals entitled to the usufruct of revenues frequently farmed out revenue instead of collecting it themselves. In this study, the manner in which iltizam is treated in the fetvas of the şeyhülislams is investigated. Most of the fetvas used are taken from the four most `reliable` collections, namely Fetava-yi Ali, Feyziyye, Abdurrahim, and Behcetü'l- Fetava, spanning the period 1674-1730. The fetvas constitute an important source in understanding the legal aspects of iltizam. The fact that iltizam begins to be included in the fetva collections after 1670s shows its mgrowing importance. In a period after the closing of `the gate of reasoning` (îctihad Kapısı) fetvas of şeyhülislams played a key role in treating a `novel` subject like iltizam within the classical framework of Islamic Jurisprudence. It is seen that şeyhülislam' s positions on the profit and liability of the tax-farmer differed from established practice. Şeyhülislams tried to prevent mültezimi abuses while following the policy of protecting the high interests of the state. They treated the realities of their age in a practical manner without relinquishing a moral stance that accorded a fair share for everyone, and opposed injustice and wrongdoing -all in perfect harmony with the Near-Eastern idea of the `circle of justice.` Keywords: Revenue raising and tax collection in the Ottoman Empire, iltizam, mukataa, land tax, şeyhülislam, fetva, mültezim. iv

ÖZET OSMANLI ŞEYHÜLİSLAM FETVALARINDA İLTİZAM Akpınar, Kürşad Urungu Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Evgenia Kermeli September 2000 Gelir toplama işinin belli bir süre için bir kişiye belirlenmiş bir para bedeli karşılığında verilmesi demek olan iltizam, Osmanlı maliyesinin başlıca gelir toplama yöntemlerinden birisiydi. Onaltıncı yüzyıldan sonra timar sisteminin önemini yitirmesi ile iltizam yaygınlaştı. Devletin yanısıra timar, zeamet, hass ve vakıf gelirlerine mutasarrıf olan bireyler de gelirlerini kendileri toplamak yerine iltizama vermeyi karlı buluyorlardı. Bu çalışmada, şeyhülislam fetvalarında iltizamın nasıl ele alındığı incelenmektedir. Kullanılan fetvaların çoğu, 1674-1730 dönemini kapsayan ve fetvahanece en `muteber` addedilen şu dört mecmuadan alınmıştır: Fetava-yı Ali, Feyziyye, Abdurrahim ve Behcetü'l- Feîava. Fetvalar iltizamın hukuki yönlerini anlamak için önemli bir kaynaktırlar. İltizamın fetva mecmualarında 1670lerden sonra yer almaya başlamış olması, onun artan önemini gösterir. `îctihadKapısı`nın kapandığı bir dönemde, iltizam gibi bir `yeni` olguyu İslam Hukuku'nun klasik çerçevesine oturtmada şeyhülislam fetvaları önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Bu fetvalarda mültezimlerin yükümlülükleri ve iltizamdan edecekleri kar gibi konularda, uygulamadan farklı görüşlerin savunulduğu görülmektedir. Şeyhülislamlar fetvalarında mültezimlerin suistimallerini önlemeye çalışırken devletin ali menfaatlerini koruma amacı gütmüşlerdir. `Adalet dairesi` anlayışıyla tam bir uyum içinde olan bu yaklaşımlarıyla şeyhülislamlar, her kesime hakkım teslim eden, haksızlığa ve zulme karşı çıkan bir ahlaki tavrı elden bırakmadan yaşadıkları devrin gerçeklerini pratik bir anlayışla ele almışlardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 'nda Gelir Toplama ve Vergilendirme, İltizam, Mukataa, Toprak Vergisi, Fetva, Şeyhülislam. vı

93

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Turkey
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Keywords

Tarih, History, Income tax, iltizam, Seyhulislam, 940, mültezim, Taxation--Law and legislation--Turkey, Ottoman State, Taxes, land tax, fetva, KKX3550 .A36 2000, Fatwas, Taxation--Law and legislation--Turkey., İltizam, Revenue raising and tax collection in the Ottoman Empire, mukataa, şeyhülislam

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These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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