The authors summarize data on interaction of protozoan Dictyostelium discoideum with folia acid and cyclic adenozinmonophosphate as chemoattractants. These substances play role of antagonists in the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum: one disperses cells in space and another gathers them into groups forming and organism. Analysis of interaction between Dictyostelium discoideum and environment allows to reveal that Deictyosteliceae has unique mechanism of adaptation of shortage of feeding resource--forming of multicellular organism with functional differentiation of cells. This mechanism could be found at different hierarchical levels of living organisms.