The purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader, through a review article, with a baseline information about the use of sugarcane waste fiber, known as bagasse, as a raw material resource for various productions. Sugarcane contains 14% fiber that generates huge amounts of wastes in sugar manufacturing. Aiming at reducing and reusing this waste fiber generated from agro-industrial activities, several innovative processes can be used to convert these materials into environmentally friendly new products, in an economically competitive way. Sugarcane bagasse can be converted into energy and products by thermochemical and/or biochemical conversion technologies, the efficient conversion depending on the type of the process used. In this review, different types of processes have been discussed in detail.