Surgical intervention is one of the main methods of treatment of diffuse toxic goiter (DTG). Comparative analysis of surgical treatment of two groups of patients is presented: patients of group 1 (n = 215) underwent subtotal subfascial resection of the thyroid gland by O.V. Nikolaev. Group 2 (n = 757) were operated by improved method--extirpation of larger lobe with isthmus and resection of the other lobe regarding the autoimmune component. Exposure of recurrent nerves and parathyroid glands was obligatory during operation. These results confirm that the improved surgical method in DTG decreases significantly the number of early and late postoperative complications.