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Büyük Selçuklu ve Eyyubiler`de siyaset eksenli sünni faaliyetler

Authors: Baran, İlhan;

Büyük Selçuklu ve Eyyubiler`de siyaset eksenli sünni faaliyetler

Abstract

The 5th Hijri century coincides with an era where politicies were founded on sectarian basis. The Sunni politics of the Great Seljuks, who were active in this era, and Ayyubids, who entered the stage of history a century later, were quite similar in several respects. Great Seljuks fought against Shiite sects, primarily with Ismaili Fatimid state that was a threat for the Abbasid caliphate. The struggle that the Seljuks had initiated reached its summit when Ayyubids overthrown the Fatimid caliphate. On the other hand, they supported Ashʿarism with the madrasahs they founded, established this approach at the center of Sunnism. In this troubled process, the Ashʿaris mostly struggled with the Hanbalis. Although there were certain conflicts between Ashʿaris and their opponents in both periods, these conflicts increased during the Seljuk and resulted in bloody wars. The Seljuks and Ayyubids have pursued a similar policy in the struggle against Shiism and in support of Ash'arism, however there are certain differences between them. During the Ayyubid dynasty, Ash'arism was a sect not only supported by the Shafi'ites, but also by Malikis, Hanafis and a certain part of Hanbalis. On the other hand, Ayyubids atempted to bring Sunni sects together; established institutes where all Islamic sects could perform relevant scientific activities, and allowed different sects to instruct under the same roof. The results of the anti-philosophical establishment and strengthening of Sufism in the Sunni world during the Seljuk period became prevalent during the Ayyubid period. Due to the Neo-Platonist philosophy on which esoteric ideology of Fatimids was rooted, a serious anti-philosophical movement developed during the Ayyubid period, which also had profound effects on the course of Ash'arism . On the other hand, during the Ayyubid period, Sufism became fully accessible by the public. Furthermore, it was controlled by the state, which facilitated its impact on common people and enforced the struggle against Shiism.

Hicri V. asır, siyasetin mezhep eksenli oluşturulduğu bir döneme denk gelmektedir. Bu asırda faaliyet gösteren Büyük Selçuklular ve onlardan bir asır sonra tarih sahnesine çıkan Eyyûbiler'in Sünnî siyaseti birçok açıdan benzerlik göstermektedir. Büyük Selçuklular, Sünnî Abbâsî hilâfetine tehdit oluşturan İsmâîlî Fâtımî Devleti başta olmak üzere Şiî oluşumlarla mücadele etmiştir. Selçuklular'ın başlattığı bu mücadeleyi Eyyûbiler, Fâtımî hilâfetini yıkarak zirveye eriştirmiştir. Öte yandan her iki devlet de tesis ettikleri medreselerle Eşariliği desteklemiş, onun Sünniliğin merkezine yerleşmesini sağlamışlardır. Sıkıntılı geçen bu süreçte Eşariler, daha çok Hanbelilerle mücadele etmiştir. Her iki dönemde de Eşarilerin muhalifleriyle yaşadığı bazı çekişmeler olmuşsa da, Selçuklular döneminde söz konusu çekişmeler daha fazla vuku bulmuş ve kanlı çatışmalarla sonuçlanmıştır. Selçuklular ve Eyyûbiler, Şiîlikle mücadele ve Eşariliği destekleme de benzer bir siyaset takip etmişlerse de aralarında bazı farklılıklarda mevcuttur. Eyyûbiler'de Eşarilik, sadece Şâfiilierin değil; Mâlikî, Hanefî ve bir kısım Hanbelînin de desteklediği itikadi bir mezhep olmuştur. Öte yandan Eyyûbiler, Sünnî mezhepleri buluşturmaya gayret etmiş; bütün fıkhi mezheplerin ilmi faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirebilecekleri müesseseler kurmuş, yanısıra farklı mezheplerin aynı çatı altında ders okutmalarını sağlamıştır. Selçuklular döneminde temeli atılan felsefe karşıtlığı ve tasavvufun Sünnî dünyada güçlenmesi gibi bazı durumların sonuçları, Eyyûbiler döneminde daha net ortaya çıkmıştır. Fâtımiler'in ideolojisini oluşturan Bâtıniliğin dayandığı neo platonist felsefeden dolayı, Eyyûbiler döneminde ciddi bir felsefe karşıtlığı oluşmuş, bu durumun Eşariliğin seyri üzerinde de önemli etkileri olmuştur. Öte yandan Eyyûbiler döneminde tasavvuf, tam anlamıyla halka inebilmiştir. Ayrıca devletin denetimine alınarak avam halkı kazanmada ve Şiîlikle mücadelede önemli rol oynaması sağlanmıştır.

295

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Turkey
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Keywords

Tarih, Büyük Selçuklular, History, Din, Politics, Ashʿarism, State of Ayyubids, Religion, Seljuks, Eşarilik, History of religions, Sect history, Şiîlik, Great Seljuks, Sunnism, Sünnî Siyaset, Middle Ages, Ayyubids, Shiism, Sunni Politics, Eyyûbiler

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selected citations
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This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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