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Açık maden ocaklarının topraksız zeminlerinde bitkilendirme uygulamaları

Vegetation Implementations on soil-free lands in open-pit
Authors: Ak, Aylin;

Açık maden ocaklarının topraksız zeminlerinde bitkilendirme uygulamaları

Abstract

Upon completion of mining operations, very large soil-free lands are formed through stockpiling of residues of rock fragments (waste rock) are extracted from open pit mines and don't have the value of mine minerals- as huge hills. Vegetating the slopes of open-pit mines, whose operations are completed, the slopes of hills that are formed through stockpiling of waste rock or slopes, which are formed through refilling materials into the opened holes, is a very important process both in terms of stability and in terms of returning the area to the nature and speeding up the process of getting the damaged ecosytem back to its previous condition. The biggest obstacle in returning these slope piles and the bare excavated lands, back to the environment which are open to erosion and landslide, the incapability of holding the plant nutrients and water which will contribute to the soil formation and is needed by plants to survive. Both direct main rock surface and the lands formed of small and large pieces lack the soil which is capable of holding water. It's necessary to vegetate the land first with floor shutters to protect the particles from erosion and to promote soil formation. These particles join the environment as a result of physical decomposition of rock pieces and they have the ability to hold the water. However, there are extreme challenges in vegetating the soil-free lands. In this research, vegetation implementations on soil-free lands in open-pit mines were examined. Ovacik Gold Mine, which is located in Bergama, Izmir, has been in operation since 2001, and its slopes of waste rock areas together with its slopes that were filled with waste rock of ceased open-pit mine is chosen as the research area. In the research, a total of 23 experimental parcels of land has been built in 3 different areas with different slope and land structures. Seed pallets consisting of hydroseeding, synthetic and natural plant fibers have been used in the experiments. Besides, plant seeds that are durable against conditions of stress, such as poterium (Sarcopoterium spinosum), italian rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) , red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (Trifolium repens), tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) , bunchgrass (Bromus inermis), orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) have been used as the main materials. At the end of the research, it is determined that vegetation materials should be used in order to prevent the removal by erosion and ensure the increase of small particles that can hold water and are found in the tailing and debris areas in small amounts. And germination by land conditions and types of seed and success development are examined comparatively.

Madencilik faaliyetleri sonrasında, özellikle açık ocaklardan çıkartılan ve maden özelliği taşımayan ya da işleme artığı kayaç parçalarının (pasa) büyük tepeler şeklinde yığılması ile çok geniş topraksız zeminler oluşmaktadır. Faaliyeti tamamlanmış olan açık maden ocakları şevlerinin, pasa malzemesi ile oluşan tepeler şeklindeki alan şevlerinin ya da açılan çukurlara geri doldurulan malzeme şevlerinin bitkilendirilmesi, hem duraylılık açısından hem de alanın doğaya yeniden kazanımı ve bozulan ekosistemin eski haline gelme sürecinin hızlandırılması açısından çok önemli bir aşamadır. Erozyon ve heyelana açık olan bu yığınların çıplak kazı yüzeylerinin yeniden doğaya kazandırılmasındaki en büyük engel, toprak oluşumuna katkı sağlayacak bitki örtüsünün yaşaması için gerek duyduğu bitki besin elemetleri ve suyu tutamamasıdır. Doğrudan ana kaya yüzeyi ya da irili ufaklı parçalardan oluşan zeminler suyu tutabilecek topraktan yoksundur. Kayaç parçalarının fiziksel olarak ayrışması sonucu ortama katılan ve su tutabilecek özellikteki ince partiküllerin erozyondan korunması ve toprak oluşumunu teşvik etmek için yüzeylerin öncelikle yer örtücüler ile bitkilendirilmesi gerekmektedir ancak topraksız zeminlerin bitkilendirilmesinde çok büyük zorluklar yaşanmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, açık maden ocaklarının topraksız zeminlerinde bitkilendirme uygulamaları araştırılmıştır. Araştırma alanı olarak, İzmir Bergama'da 2001 yılından beri madencilik faaliyetlerine devam etmekte olan Ovacık Altın Madeni, pasa sahalarının şevleri ile faaliyeti tamamlanmış açık maden ocak sahasının pasa malzemesi ile nihai dolgusu yapılmış alan şevleri seçilmiştir. Araştırmada, farklı eğim ve zemin yapısı özelliği taşıyan 3 farklı alanda toplam 23 deneme parseli kurulmuştur. Denemelerde hyroseeding, sentetik ve doğal bitki liflerinden oluşan tohum şilteleri kullanılmıştır. Bunun yanında stres koşullarına direnci yüksek bitki tohumları (abdestbozan (Sarcopoterium spinosum), italyan çimi (Lolium multiflorum), yonca (Medicago sativa), çayır üçgülü (Trifolium pratense), ak üçgül (Trifolium repens) , kamışsı yumak (Festuca arundinaceae), kılçıksız brom (Bromus inermis), dactylis glomerata (domuz ayrığı), otlak ayrığı (Agropyron cristatum) temel materyaller olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda, pasa ve moloz türü alanların içerisindeki az miktarda bulunan ve su tutan küçük partiküllerin erozyonla uzaklaştırılmasını önlemek için bitkilendirme materyallerinin kullanılmasının gerektiği saptanmış ve zemin koşulları ve tohum çeşitlerine göre çimlenme ve gelişme başarıları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir.

129

Country
Turkey
Related Organizations
Keywords

Bitkilendirme Materyalleri, Environmental Engineering, Pasa sahası, Çevre Mühendisliği, Waste Rock Area, Vegetation Materials, Açık Maden Ocakları, Open-Pit Mines,, Soil Free Lands, Topraksız zeminler

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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