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Investigation of nitrofuran metabolites in honey by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Authors: Şahar, Umut;

Investigation of nitrofuran metabolites in honey by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract

Nitrofuranlar gram-pozitif ve gram-negatif bakterilere karşı etkili, geniş spektrumlu antibiyotikler grubundan olup, bu tür bakterilerin yol açtığı enfeksiyonların tedavisi amacıyla bal arılarına da verilmektedir. Kullanımı yasaklanmış olan nitrofuranların (furaltadone, nitrofurantoin, furazolidone ve nitrofurazone) metabolizma ürünleri kanserojen ve mutajen olduğundan gıda ürünlerindeki kalıntılarının (metabolitlerinin) kontrolü ve denetimi gerekmektedir. Bu nedenlerle büyük önem kazanan söz konusu türlerin baldaki analizini gerçekleştirmek için nitel ve nicel analizlerde doğru ve duyar yanıtlar veren sıvı kromatografisi - kütle spektrometrisi (LC-MS/MS) birleşik yönteminin kullanılması hedeflenmiştir.Bal örnekleri asidik ortamda çözüldükten sonra nitrofuran metabolitleri (AMOZ, AHD, AOZ, SEM) 2-nitrobenzaldehit ile türevlendirilmiş ve elde edilen türler (2-NBA-AOZ, 2-NBA-AMOZ, 2-NBA-AHD, 2-NBA-SEM) özütlenerek matriks ortamından ayrılmıştır. LC-MS/MS cihazı ile bu metabolitlerin birbirinden ayrılması, belirlenmesi ve nicel analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada sırasıyla analitin özütlenmesi, alınan kromatogramların irdelenmesi ve elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel değerlendirilmesi aşamaları gerçekleştirilmiştir.VIİlk aşamada, türevlendirici bileşik ve diğer matriks kalıntılarının temizlenmesi için uygun koşulların ve ayırma yönteminin belirlenmesi amacıyla sıvı ? sıvı özütleme ve katı ? faz özütleme tekniklerinin geri kazanım, tekrarlanabilirlik ve belirtme alt sınırı açısından karşılaştırılması; uygun mobil faz bileşiminin belirlenmesi ve optimizasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkinci aşamada, cihaza enjekte edilen ekstraktın eş zamanlı çalışan UV ve kütle dedektörleri ile kromatogramları elde edilmiştir. Kütle spektrumları elektrosprey iyonlaştırma ve pozitif iyon modunda elde edilmiştir.Cihaz koşullarının optimizasyonu elde edilen kromatogramlarda ayırma gücü, seçimlilik ve alıkonma zamanları değerlendirilerek yapılmıştır. Yöntemin validasyonu için geri kazanım, tekrarlanabilirlik, seçimlilik ve seçicilik gibi parametreler saptanmıştır.Tüm bu çalışmalarla belirtme ve saptama alt sınırları iyileştirilmiştir. Belirtme alt sınırları 2-NBA-AMOZ için 0,18; 2-NBA-AHD için 0,80; 2-NBA-AOZ için 0,16; 2-NBA-SEM için 0,35 ?g/kg, saptama alt sınırları ise aynı sırayla 0,55; 2,50; 0,48; 1,08 ?g/kg olarak bulunmuştur.Anahtar kelimeler: Nitrofuran metabolitleri; bal; furazolidone; furaltadone; nitrofurantoin; nitrofurazone; LC-MS/MS.

Nitrofurans, belong to a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics used against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, are used for the treatment of infections of honey bees. The inspection and controlling of banned nitrofurans (furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone) in foodstuff is required due to the significant concerns about carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of their respective metabolites (residues). It is aimed to use Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) which conveys accurate and sensitive responses in quantitative and qualitative analyses of species that have great importance in the honey analysis.Nitrofuran metabolites (AMOZ, AHD, AOZ, SEM) are derivatized with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde after dissolving honey sample in acidic media. The separation, determination and quantification of these derivatized metabolites (2-NBA-AOZ, 2-NBA-AMOZ, 2-NBA-AHD, 2-NBA-SEM) were accomplished by employing LC-MS/MS. In this study; the extraction of analyte, examination of chromatograms and the statistical evaluation of data were performed respectively. In the first stage derivatization agent and the other matrix interferences were cleaned-up successfully. In order to set appropriate conditions and separation, theVIIImethod was compared by liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction in terms of recovery, repeatability and quantification limit. Determination of appropriate mobile phase content and its optimization was conducted. In the second stage, the chromatograms of extract were obtained by UV and mass detectors simultaneously. Mass spectra are obtained in positive mode using electrospray interface.The conditions of system were optimized by evaluating resolution factors, selectivity and retention time in these chromatograms. In order to validate the method the parameters such as recovery, repeatability, selectivity and specificity were determined. In addition the limit of detection and quantification were enhanced for these specimens.The resulted values as limit of detection and for limit of quantification 2-NBA-AMOZ, 2-NBA-AHD, 2-NBA-AOZ, 2-NBA-SEM were 0.18 and 0.55; 0.80 and 2.50; 0.16 and 0.48; 0.35 and 1.08 ?g/kg respectively.Key words: Nitrofuran metabolites; honey; furazolidone; furaltadone; nitrofurantoin; nitrofurazone; LC-MS/MS

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Keywords

Nitrofuran metabolitleri; bal; furazolidone; furaltadone; nitrofurantoin; nitrofurazone; LC-MS/MS., Kimya A.B.D., Chemistry, Nitrofuran metabolites; honey; furazolidone; furaltadone; nitrofurantoin; nitrofurazone; LC-MS/MS., Kimya

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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