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ARİSTOTELES’İN RUH ANLAYIŞI

Authors: Mustafa Kaya;

ARİSTOTELES’İN RUH ANLAYIŞI

Abstract

According to Aristotle, man is an entity composed of two separate elements: soul and body. Body is the physical part and soul is the form shaping body and giving it the qualifications of humanity. Therefore the soul, which is the principle of life, is the purpose and the body is a means to that. Soul being the purpose of body gives it the talent of motion and directs it to a specific aim. Aristotle rules out the distinction between body and soul which is supported by Plato, and regards them as two different elements of essence. Aristotle supports the integrity of the soul and rejects the idea that it is composed of several parts. He states that the soul has three different functions: vegetative, animal and mental. Vegetative soul regulates vital functions of human existence such as born, growth, nutrition and survival. The basic function of the animal soul is the sensation. The third and final function of the soul is the reasoning. According to Aristotle, the most prominent feature of human soul is being donated by intelligence. Intelligence is divided into active and passive minds. Passive mind is subject to senses; it collects and organizes the data provided by sense. On the other hand self-directed active mind universalizes the knowledge obtained by experiments, abstract imagery from objects and seeks to reach to science. This study aims to present the basic features of Aristotle’s concept of soul.

Aristoteles’e göre insan, ruh ve beden olmak üzere iki ayrı öğeden oluşan bir varlıktır. Beden madde, ruh ise onu biçimlendiren, ona “insan” niteliği kazandıran formdur. Bu nedenle yaşamın ilkesi olan ruh amaç, beden ise araç konumundadır. Bedenin ereği niteliğinde olan ruh, ona hareket yeteneğini verir, onu belli bir ereğe doğru yönlendirir. Aristoteles, Platon’da görülen ruh-beden ayrılığını ortadan kaldırır, ruh ile bedeni bir tözün iki ayrı öğesi olarak ele alır. Ruhun bütünlüğünü, parçalardan oluşmadığını savunan Aristoteles, ruhun bitkisel, hayvansal ve akılsal olmak üzere üç işleve sahip olduğunu belirtir. Bitkisel ruh, insan varlığının doğma, büyüme, beslenme ve varlığını sürdürme gibi hayati fonksiyonlarını düzenler. Hayvansal ruh’un temel işlevi ise duyumlamadır. Ruhun üçüncü ve son fonksiyonu ise akıl yürütmedir. Aristoteles’e göre insan ruhunun en belirgin özelliği akıl ile donatılmış olmasıdır. Akıl ise etkin (faal) ve edilgin (pasif) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Edilgin akıl, duyulara bağımlıdır; duyularla sağlanan verileri derleyip toplar, bir düzene sokar. Buna karşılık kendi kendini yöneten etkin (faal) akıl ise deneyle elde edilen bilgileri evrenselleştirir, imgelemleri nesnelerden soyutlar ve böylece bilime ulaşmaya çalışır. Bu çalışma, Aristoteles’in ruh anlayışını temel özellikleriyle ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir.

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Turkey
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Keywords

Disiplinler Arası, Sosyal Bilimler

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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Green