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Resistencia bacteriana y antibiótica: soluciones innovadoras

Authors: Granero Cobano, Claudia;

Resistencia bacteriana y antibiótica: soluciones innovadoras

Abstract

La resistencia bacteriana es un fenómeno que se ha desarrollado en paralelo al descubrimiento de los antibióticos, pero que en las últimas décadas ha cobrado mayor relevancia debido a su impacto en la salud humana. Las bacterias desarrollan mecanismos para acabar con los efectos de los antibióticos, lo que hace más difícil tratar las enfermedades, lo que puede llevar a un aumento considerable de la morbilidad y mortalidad. La resistencia bacteriana se debe a la propia evolución natural de estas y al uso extensivo de antibióticos tanto en humanos como en animales. En la actualidad, se llevan a cabo diferentes acciones globales para abordar esta problemática, potenciando políticas de uso racional de antibióticos y promocionando investigaciones para conseguir nuevos tratamientos con mayor eficacia. Las bacterias más resistentes se reconocen mediante las siglas ESKAPE, como por ejemplo Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae o cinetobacter baumannii. Estas bacterias ESKAPE son responsables de infecciones graves, y su capacidad de resistencia las convierte en una gran amenaza para la salud pública. Estas bacterias han sido capaces de desarrollar diferentes mecanismos como la producción de enzimas inactivadoras de antibióticos o cambios en los sitios de unión de los antibióticos. La pandemia de COVID-19 también ha potenciado esta problemática por el uso generalizado de fármacos, muchas veces de forma inapropiada. Se han estudiado posibles soluciones a las superbacterias, como la utilización de diferentes terapias de combinación de antibióticos para maximizar la eficacia, alternativas en nanotecnología como el uso de liposomas para encapsular los fármacos o el empleo de diferentes micelas poliméricas. También existen nuevos enfoques para combatir la resistencia, como el antibiótico cresomicina, la sensibilidad colateral y las terapias de fagos. En definitiva, la resistencia bacteriana es un desafío complejo que requiere de un enfoque integrado y multidisciplinar. Las estrategias actuales ofrecen nuevas esperanzas en la lucha contra esta problemática. Sin embargo, la aplicación efectiva de estas soluciones requiere tiempo e inversión en investigación y una colaboración global continuada que acaba de empezar.

Bacterial resistance is a phenomenon that has developed in parallel with the discovery of antibiotics, but in recent decades it has gained greater relevance due to its impact on human health. Bacteria develop mechanisms to counteract the effects of antibiotics, making diseases more difficult to treat, which can lead to a considerable increase in morbidity and mortality. Bacterial resistance is due to the natural evolution of these organisms and the extensive use of antibiotics in both humans and animals. Currently, various global actions are carried out to address this problem, promoting policies for the rational use of antibiotics and promoting research to achieve more effective new treatments. The most resistant bacteria are recognised by the acronym ESKAPE, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae or Acinetobacter baumannii. These ESKAPE bacteria are responsible for severe infections, and their capacity to resist makes them a significant threat to public health. These bacteria have been able to develop different mechanisms, such as the production of antibiotic inactivating enzymes or changes in antibiotic binding sites. The COVID-19 pandemic has also exacerbated this issue due to the widespread, often inappropriate, use of drugs. Possible solutions to superbacteria have been studied, such as the use of different antibiotic combination therapies to maximize effectiveness, alternatives in nanotechnology, the use of liposomes to encapsulate drugs, or the use of various polymeric micelles. There are also new approaches to combat resistance, such as the antibiotic cresomycin, collateral sensitivity, and phage therapies. In short, bacterial resistance is a complex challenge that requires an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. Current strategies offer new hopes in the fight against this problem. However, the effective implementation of these solutions requires time, investment in research, and ongoing global collaboration that has just begun.

Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Farmacia

Keywords

Physiological processes, Bacteria, Resistance, Neumonías, ESKAPE, Nanopartícula, Película, Pneumonias, Nanoparticle, Resistencia, Inhibición, Procesos fisiológicos, Membrana plasmática, Film, Inhibition, Plasma membrane

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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