Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a key player in human reproduction. FSH activates the FSH receptor (FSHR) on granulosa cells in the ovary. The ovarian effects of endogenous and exogenous FSH can be modulated by polymorphisms of the FSHR gene. To date around 1,800 polymorphisms of the FSHR gene have been reported. This paper reviews the role of different polymorphisms for ovarian function, particularly in conjunction with the use of exogenous FSH in the course of controlled ovarian stimulation. There is currently only one polymorphism of the FSH receptor gene (codon 680) for which a sufficient number of studies have consistently identified a significant association to ovarian function. Polymorphisms of the FSHR gene may be used as markers to predict differences in FSHR function and ovarian response to FSH and may ultimately lead to stimulation protocols that are carefully personalized to each woman's individual needs.