The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit
Copyright policy )The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit
AbstractUnderstanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17–34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.
- Département Sciences sociales, agriculture et alimentation, espace et environnement France
- Seoul National University Korea (Republic of)
- Stanford University United States
- University of Freiburg Germany
- Queen Mary University of London United Kingdom
leaf forms, global patterns, distribution, ecology, evergreen, Biomass (ecology), arbre forestier, forêt feuillue sempervirente, Letter, 550, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28203, Geography & travel, Sciences de l’environnement & écologie, biogéographie, Plantas de Hoja Perenne, Plant Biology, Biogeography; Ecology, broadleaved, Plant Science, Forests, Factores Edáficos, leaf form, functional traits, worlds, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3062, CONVERGENCE, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, SDG 13 - Climate Action, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5083, Climate change, Psychology, Hoja Ancha, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Global and Planetary Change, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Species Distribution Modeling and Climate Change Impacts, Geography, Ecological Modeling, HUMAN, Deciduous, Agua, Life sciences, Bosques, HABITS, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3052, Biogeography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, climate-change, Physical Sciences, Broadleaf, cycle du carbone, 570, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420, 577, EVERGREEN, Forest Inventory, Environmental science, Plant litter, Global carbon cycle, Tipo de Hoja, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, biomasse, Humans, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/910, PLANT LEAVES, Biology, Ecosystem, Nutrientes, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 580, forests, convergence, Hojas Aciculares, Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change, Water, Carbon, Plantas de Hojas Caducifolias, FOS: Biological sciences, Cambio Climático, Environmental Science, Psychotherapist, Plant Leaves/metabolism, impact sur l'environnement, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_17299, Forest ecology, [SDE] Environmental Sciences, 910, F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes, Tree leaf form, Trees, CARBON, Habits, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_915, Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management, Terrestrial ecosystem, FORESTS, forêt, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6, Evergreen Plants, TREE, Deciduous Plants, Plant biology, needle-leaved, changement climatique, Ecology, WORLDS, Needle-leaf, HUMANS, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Biological Sciences, FOREST, FOS: Psychology, séquestration du carbone, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000056, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_926, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7976, forest leaf types, Trees/metabolism, Sciences du vivant, co2, deciduousness, TREES, CO2, Carbon/metabolism, Global Vegetation Models, Ciclo del Carbono, Crop and Pasture Production, life, Inventario Forestal, Leaf Type, forêt tropicale humide, Climate Change, availability, METABOLISM, Carbon Cycle, feuillu, PLANT LEAF, vegetation, global leaf type, Environmental sciences & ecology, Life Science, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666, DECIDUOUSNESS, inventaire forestier, Agroforestry, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1, écosystème forestier, AVAILABILITY, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24174, HABIT, Nutrients, ddc:910, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583, LIFE, Climate Action, Plant Leaves, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374842133961, Evergreen, Edaphic Factors, Earth and Environmental Sciences, cavelab, ECOSYSTEM, modélisation environnementale, Habit, VEGETATION, CBCE, distribution géographique, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1099
leaf forms, global patterns, distribution, ecology, evergreen, Biomass (ecology), arbre forestier, forêt feuillue sempervirente, Letter, 550, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28203, Geography & travel, Sciences de l’environnement & écologie, biogéographie, Plantas de Hoja Perenne, Plant Biology, Biogeography; Ecology, broadleaved, Plant Science, Forests, Factores Edáficos, leaf form, functional traits, worlds, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3062, CONVERGENCE, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, SDG 13 - Climate Action, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5083, Climate change, Psychology, Hoja Ancha, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Global and Planetary Change, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Species Distribution Modeling and Climate Change Impacts, Geography, Ecological Modeling, HUMAN, Deciduous, Agua, Life sciences, Bosques, HABITS, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3052, Biogeography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, climate-change, Physical Sciences, Broadleaf, cycle du carbone, 570, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420, 577, EVERGREEN, Forest Inventory, Environmental science, Plant litter, Global carbon cycle, Tipo de Hoja, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, biomasse, Humans, info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/910, PLANT LEAVES, Biology, Ecosystem, Nutrientes, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 580, forests, convergence, Hojas Aciculares, Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change, Water, Carbon, Plantas de Hojas Caducifolias, FOS: Biological sciences, Cambio Climático, Environmental Science, Psychotherapist, Plant Leaves/metabolism, impact sur l'environnement, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_17299, Forest ecology, [SDE] Environmental Sciences, 910, F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes, Tree leaf form, Trees, CARBON, Habits, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_915, Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management, Terrestrial ecosystem, FORESTS, forêt, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6, Evergreen Plants, TREE, Deciduous Plants, Plant biology, needle-leaved, changement climatique, Ecology, WORLDS, Needle-leaf, HUMANS, F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phytogéographie, Biological Sciences, FOREST, FOS: Psychology, séquestration du carbone, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000056, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_926, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7976, forest leaf types, Trees/metabolism, Sciences du vivant, co2, deciduousness, TREES, CO2, Carbon/metabolism, Global Vegetation Models, Ciclo del Carbono, Crop and Pasture Production, life, Inventario Forestal, Leaf Type, forêt tropicale humide, Climate Change, availability, METABOLISM, Carbon Cycle, feuillu, PLANT LEAF, vegetation, global leaf type, Environmental sciences & ecology, Life Science, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666, DECIDUOUSNESS, inventaire forestier, Agroforestry, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1, écosystème forestier, AVAILABILITY, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24174, HABIT, Nutrients, ddc:910, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583, LIFE, Climate Action, Plant Leaves, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374842133961, Evergreen, Edaphic Factors, Earth and Environmental Sciences, cavelab, ECOSYSTEM, modélisation environnementale, Habit, VEGETATION, CBCE, distribution géographique, http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1099
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