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Almacenamiento de hidrógeno

Authors: Amica, Guillermina; Meyer, Gabriel Omar; Gennari, Fabiana Cristina;

Almacenamiento de hidrógeno

Abstract

Actualmente el hidrógeno se almacena a escala comercial en forma gaseosa a presiones moderadas o en forma líquida en condiciones criogénicas. Para aplicaciones estacionarias en las que el volumen o peso del sistema no es limitante, se almacena en forma gaseosa en tubos de metal sin o con envoltura de materiales compuestos (tipo I y II). Aunque con mayor costo, los tubos envueltos en compuestos de fibra de carbono con revestimientos de metal o polímero (tipo III y IV) permiten trabajar a mayores presiones. Dado el alto consumo de energía del proceso de licuefacción y la complejidad de la infraestructura asociada, el hidrógeno líquido se limita a aplicaciones que requieren una alta densidad de energía. El almacenamiento basado en materiales sólidos, adsorbentes o hidruros, tiene limitaciones para su implementación a escala: costo de los materiales elevados, condiciones de operación exigentes, procesos complejos de síntesis. Cuando los estudios de seguridad garantizan la no reactividad con las cavidades subterráneas, el almacenamiento geológico constituye una alternativa interesante para almacenar grandes volúmenes durante periodos prolongados. El almacenamiento empleando líquidos orgánicos tiene como ventaja que se transportan como líquidos, pero la capacidad es limitada (4-7%p/p) y la deshidrogenación es energéticamente muy costosa. Finalmente, la opción de almacenarlo como amoníaco renovable es una oportunidad para la descarbonización en el sector químico. Teniendo en cuenta la gran versatilidad del uso del amoníaco, su reconversión a hidrógeno puede no ser necesaria ya que es un compuesto de alta demanda para la industria agrícola y puede ser utilizado directamente en la generación de energía.

Hydrogen is currently stored on a commercial scale in gaseous form at moderate pressures or in liquid form under cryogenic conditions. For stationary applications in which the volume or weight ofthe system is not a limitation, it is stored in gaseous form in metal tubes without or with a casing of composite materials (type I and II). Although more expensive, tubes wrapped in carbon fiber composites with metal or polymer coatings (type III and IV) allow to work at higher pressures. Given the high energy consumption of the liquefaction process and the complexity of the associated infrastructure, liquid hydrogen is limited to applications that require high energy density. Storage based on solid materials, adsorbents or hydrides, has limitations for its implementation at scale (high cost of materials, demanding operating conditions, complex synthesis processes). When safety studies guarantee non-reactivity with underground cavities, geological storage is an interesting alternative to store large volumes for long periods. Storage using organic liquids has theadvantage that they are transported as liquids, but it has a low storage capacity (4-7% p/p) and dehydrogenation is very expensive energetically.Finally, the option to store hydrogen as renewable ammonia presents an opportunity for decarbonization in the chemical sector. Taking into account the great versatility of the use of ammonia, its reconversion to hydrogen may not be necessary since it is a highly demanded compound for the agricultural industry and can be used directly in power generation.

Fil: Gennari, Fabiana Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina

Fil: Meyer, Gabriel Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina

Fil: Amica, Guillermina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina

Country
Argentina
Keywords

AMONÍACO, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/2.5, HIDRÓGENO, HIDRUROS, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/2, ALMACENAMIENTO FÍSICO

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green