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CONICET Digital
Article . 2020
License: CC BY NC SA
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La paradoja populista

Authors: Gerchunoff, Pablo L.; Rapetti, Martín Gervasio; de León, Gonzalo;

La paradoja populista

Abstract

Mientras que la teoría económica sugiere en que el populismo macroeconómico está condenado al fracaso, la historia muestra que las experiencias populistas se repiten periódicamente, haciendo caso omiso de la teoría y también de los fracasos. En este artículo exploramos esta paradoja: ¿por qué una estrategia que se considera inconsistente y, por lo tanto, destinada al fracaso es seguida por gobiernos en forma reiterada? La “paradoja populista” presenta un desafío a los marcos de equilibrio general y comportamientos puramente racionales. Nuestra explicación es que existen situaciones en que los gobiernos enfrentan una fuerte tensión entre dos objetivos de política: el equilibrio macroeconómico y la armonía social. Esto ocurre cuando existe un conflicto distributivo estructural, una tensión entre las demandas sociales y la capacidad productiva de la economía. Las estrategias de política económica que privilegian el objetivo de armonía social por sobre el equilibrio macroeconómico son las que la literatura llama “populistas”. La repetición en el uso de este tipo de estrategias no es más que la prevalencia de la presión social por satisfacer las demandas populares cuando existe algún margen económico que lo permite. Para ilustrar y dar carnadura histórica a nuestra hipótesis, empleamos la historia económica argentina. Como solución al conflicto ofrecemos trazos de una estrategia tentativa basada en un acuerdo social que incluya la posibilidad de intercambiar ingresos por propiedad entre el trabajo y el capital.

While economic theory indicates that macroeconomic populism is doomed to failure, history shows that populist experiences are frequently repeated, ignoring both theory and past failures. In this article, we explore the origin of this paradox: why a strategy that is considered inconsistent and, therefore, doomed to failure, is adopted by governments? The “populist paradox” represents a challenge to general equilibrium frameworks based on purely rational behavior. Our explanation is that there are situations in which governments face a strong tension between two policy objectives: macroeconomic balance and social peace. This type of situation can be analytically characterized as a case of structural disequilibrium that occurs when there is a structural distributive confl ict: a tension between social demands and the productive capacity of the economy. The economic policy strategies that prefers the objective of social peace over macroeconomic balance are what the literature calls “populist”. The repeated implementation of this type of strategies arises from the social pressure to satisfy popular demands. To illustrate and give historical background to our hypothesis, we use the Argentine economic history. As a solution to this type of confl icts, we off er some guidelines of a tentative strategy based on a social agreement that includes the possibility of trading income for equity between labor and capital.

Fil: Rapetti, Martín Gervasio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad; Argentina

Fil: Gerchunoff, Pablo L.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella; Argentina

Fil: de León, Gonzalo. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella; Argentina. Camara Argentina de Comercio y Servicios.; Argentina

Country
Argentina
Keywords

Teoría económica, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/5.2, Macroeconomía, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/5, Paradoja populista, Conflicto distributivo

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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