"The first mentions of instrumental lie detection in investigations date back to a work published in 1939 by W. K. Zielińska Znaczenie psychologicznej diagnostyki dla celów śledczych (literally: “Signifi cance of psychological diagnosing for investigative purposes”, Zielińska 1939). Th e author fi rst describes Gorphe’s (Gorphe 1924) and Lipmann’s (Lipmann 1911) experiments in registering the tremor of hands caused by emotions with the “automatograph” and “psychograph” devices, and Lowenstein’s experiments (described by Heindl, Heindl 1922) in which the scientist registered head and limb movements, and pulse and breathing rate during the experiments using a technique similar to today’s GKT to ascertain the name of a person that the examined knew yet preferred to deny."(...)