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Master thesis . 2025
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Relationship between long-term vitamin D status and the risk of pain and neurological symptoms: Insights from the Norwegian HUNT study

Authors: Alrifi, Riham Yassir;

Relationship between long-term vitamin D status and the risk of pain and neurological symptoms: Insights from the Norwegian HUNT study

Abstract

SAMMENDRAG Introduksjon: Kroniske utbredte smerter (CWP) er ofte assosiert med nevrologiske symptomer som depresjon, angst og søvnløshet, og medfører betydelig funksjonsnedsettelse. Vitamin D-mangel er vanlig og har blitt foreslått som en mulig modifiserbar risikofaktor; imidlertid har tidligere studier gitt motstridende resultater. Vi undersøkte sammenhengen mellom langtidsnivåer av vitamin D og risikoen for å utvikle CWP, samt symptomer på depresjon, angst og søvnløshet i en norsk voksenkohort. Metode: I denne prospektive analysen av Helseundersøkelsen i Trøndelag (HUNT) inkluderte vi 1647 voksne deltakere fra HUNT2 (1995–1997) som ble fulgt opp i HUNT4 (2017–2019). Eksponeringen ble målt som gjennomsnittlig sesongjustert serum 25(OH)D fra HUNT2 og HUNT3, kategorisert som <50 vs. ≥50 nmol/L, samt i fire finere kategorier og som en kontinuerlig variabel (per 25 nmol/L reduksjon). Vi benyttet multivariable logistiske regresjonsmodeller for å estimere oddsratioer (OR) med 95 % konfidensintervall (KI). Analysene ble justert for alder, kjønn, kroppsmasseindeks, yrke, røyking, alkoholforbruk, fysisk aktivitet og alvorlig sykdom. Resultater: I løpet av en oppfølgingsperiode på ti år utviklet 147 deltakere (8.9 %) CWP, mens 348 (21.1 %) rapporterte symptomer på søvnløshet ved HUNT4. Færre tilfeller av depresjon (1.3 %) og angst (1.9 %) ble registrert. I de justerte modellene var lavere langtidsnivåer av 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) signifikant assosiert med lavere odds for å utvikle CWP (OR 0.67, 95 % KI 0.46–0.98) og søvnløshet (OR 0.72, 95 % KI 0.55–0.93) sammenlignet med nivåer ≥50 nmol/L. En reduksjon på 25 nmol/L i 25(OH)D var også forbundet med lavere risiko for søvnløshet (OR 0.79, 95 % KI 0.64–0.97). Resultatene var konsistente når 25(OH)D ble delt inn i fire kategorier (for eksempel, 30–49.9 nmol/L vs. 50–74.9 nmol/L viste OR 0.66 for CWP og OR 0.72 for søvnløshet). Ingen signifikante sammenhenger ble funnet for depresjon eller angst i noen av modellene. Konklusjon: I motsetning til våre hypoteser var lavt langtidsnivå av vitamin D assosiert med redusert risiko for å utvikle CWP og søvnløshet, uten signifikant sammenheng med insidens av depresjon eller angst. Disse funnene indikerer at høyere nivåer av 25(OH)D ikke nødvendigvis gir beskyttelse mot kroniske smerter og nevrologiske symptomer. Videre forskning er nødvendig for å forstå de underliggende mekanismene og for å identifisere undergrupper som kan ha nytte av vitamin D-supplementering. Nøkkelord: 25-hydroksyvitamin D, kroniske utbredte smerter, depresjon, angst, søvnløshet, vitamin D-mangel, nevrologiske symptomer, fibromyalgi, HUNT, kohortstudie.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic widespread pain (CWP) frequently co-occurs with neurological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia, contributing to a significant burden of disability. Vitamin D insufficiency is common and has been proposed as a modifiable risk factor, but previous studies reported conflicting findings. We examined whether long-term vitamin D status is associated with the risk of developing CWP, depressive, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms in a Norwegian adult cohort. Methods: In this prospective analysis of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), we included 1647 adults who participated in HUNT2 (1995–1997) and were followed up through HUNT4 (2017–2019).The exposure was the average season-standardized serum 25(OH)D from HUNT2 and HUNT3, categorized as <50 vs. ≥50 nmol/L, as four finer strata, and as a continuous variable (per 25 nmol/L decrease). We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, occupation, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and severe disease. Results: Over 10 years’ follow-up, 147 (8.9%) developed CWP and 348 (21.1%) reported insomnia symptoms by HUNT4. Depression (1.3%) and anxiety (1.9%) cases were fewer. In the adjusted models, lower long-term 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) was associated with significantly lower odds of developing CWP (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46–0.98) and insomnia (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55–0.93) compared to ≥50 nmol/L. Similarly, a 25 nmol/L decrease in 25(OH)D predicted lower insomnia risk (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.64–0.97). Findings were consistent when using four 25(OH)D categories (e.g. 30–49.9 nmol/L vs. 50–74.9 nmol/L showed OR 0.66 for CWP and OR 0.72 for insomnia). No significant associations were found for depression or anxiety in any model. Conclusion: Contrary to our hypotheses, lower long-term vitamin D status was associated with a reduced risk of CWP and insomnia, with no significant relationship with incident depression or anxiety. These findings suggest that higher 25(OH)D levels are not uniformly protective against chronic pain and neurological symptoms. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and to identify subgroups that might benefit from vitamin D supplementation. Keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, chronic widespread pain, depression, anxiety, insomnia, vitamin D deficiency, neurological symptoms, fibromyalgia, HUNT, cohort study.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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