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NTNU Open
Bachelor thesis . 2025
Data sources: NTNU Open
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Strengthening of grid – Assessment of touch voltage and short circuit performance

Authors: Aass, Haakon; Botn, Simon Halsen; Jacobsen, Per-Kristian; Riise, Eirik Kornkveen;

Strengthening of grid – Assessment of touch voltage and short circuit performance

Abstract

This bachelor thesis investigates technical and operational measures to strengthen a 22 kV distribution network. The thesis is written on behalf of a distribution network operator (DNO) and is based on a real power grid. For confidentiality reasons, the name of the DNO and parts of the grid information have been omitted from the report. Two main challenges in the network are examined. Parts of the grid are dimensioned with a short-circuit current limit of 16 kA, and series reactors are used to ensure this limit is not exceeded. One of the reactors is operating near its capacity limit and becomes overloaded under certain operating conditions. This presents a challenge for further expansion in the area downstream of the reactor. The network consists entirely of underground cables, which contribute to capacitive earth fault currents. These currents increase the touch voltage during earth faults. Therefore, the touch voltage must be evaluated, and measures must be implemented if necessary to keep it within acceptable levels. Three alternative solutions were analyzed: replacing the existing reactor with a higher-capacity reactor combined with an active Petersen coil; replacing it with an isolation transformer; and replacing it with a CLiP unit combined with an active Petersen coil. The results are based on a model in PSSE used for short-circuit and load flow analysis. The model is a simplified representation of the actual grid. Touch voltage was calculated in Excel. All simulations and calculations were carried out in accordance with current regulations. The calculations show that the touch voltage is within the limits specified by applicable standards, and there is room for further expansion. It is therefore considered unnecessary to implement any measures regarding touch voltage at this time. However, if the DNO wishes to improve protection against touch voltage, an active Petersen coil is recommended. Regarding the short-circuit current issue, the group recommends replacing the overloaded reactor with a new reactor with higher capacity. This recommendation is based on cost, operational reliability, and practical operating conditions.

Denne bacheloroppgaven undersøker tekniske og driftsmessige tiltak for å styrke et 22 kV distribusjonsnett. Oppgaven er skrevet på vegne av et nettselskap og tar utgangspunkt i et reelt kraftnett. Av hensyn til kraftsensitiv informasjon er nettselskapets navn og deler av nettinformasjonen utelatt i rapporten. To hovedutfordringer i nettet er undersøkt. Deler av nettet er dimensjonert med en grense på 16 kA kortslutningsstrøm, og seriereaktorer benyttes for å sikre at denne grensen ikke overskrides. En av reaktorene opererer nær sin kapasitetsgrense og blir overbelastet under visse driftsforhold. Dette utgjør en utfordring for videre utbygging i området nedstrøms for reaktoren. Nettet består utelukkende av jordkabler, som bidrar til kapasitive jordfeilstrømmer. Disse strømmene øker berøringsspenningen ved jordfeil. Berøringsspenningen må derfor vurderes, og nødvendige tiltak må eventuelt iverksettes for å redusere den til akseptable nivåer. Tre alternative løsninger ble analysert: Utskifting av eksisterende reaktor med en ny reaktor med høyere kapasitet kombinert med en aktiv Petersen-spole; utskifting med isolasjonstransformator; og utskifting med en CLiP-enhet kombinert med aktiv Petersen-spole. Resultatene er basert på en modell i PSSE brukt til kortslutnings- og lastflytanalyse. Modellen er en forenklet representasjon av det faktiske nettet. Berøringsspenningen er beregnet i Excel. Alle simuleringer og beregninger er utført i samsvar med gjeldende regelverk. Beregningene viser at berøringsspenningen er innenfor grenseverdier i henhold til gjeldende forskrifter, og det er rom for videre utvidelse. Det vurderes derfor som unødvendig å gjennomføre tiltak på nåværende tidspunkt for berøringsspenningen. Skulle netteier ønske å forbedre beskyttelsen mot berøringsspenning ytterligere, anbefales en aktiv Petersen-spole som tiltak. Vedrørende kortslutningsproblemet anbefaler gruppen å erstatte den overbelastede reaktoren med en ny reaktor med høyere kapasitet. Anbefalingen er basert på kostnad, driftssikkerhet og operasjonelle forhold.

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Norway
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green