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NTNU Open
Master thesis . 2025
Data sources: NTNU Open
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Prevalence of vaterite in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) otoliths

Authors: Pedersen, Frode;

Prevalence of vaterite in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) otoliths

Abstract

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are anadromous fish known for their extensive ocean migration and strong homing ability. To support these life history strategies, they rely on precise sensory mechanisms, including those mediated by the inner ear. Within the inner ear, sagittal otoliths - calcified structures composed primarily of aragonite - play a critical role in hearing, balance, and orientation. However, the replacement of aragonite with vaterite, a less stable mineral phase of calcium carbonate, can compromise these sensory functions and reduce the fidelity of chemical signatures used in otolith-based reconstruction of environmental history. While vaterite occurs sporadically in many salmonid species, its prevalence and development in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) remain poorly investigated, particularly in invasive populations in the Atlantic region. In this study, otoliths from 732 invasive pink salmon from the Atlantic region and 384 native pink salmon from the Pacific Ocean were examined to assess the prevalence and extent of vaterite. In addition, the reliability of visual quantification of calcium carbonate mineral phases was evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for validation. Visual assessment of vaterite coverage showed strong agreement with XRD measurements (R² = 0.99), confirming the visual assessments value as a rapid and reproducible method for quantifying vaterite. The results revealed strikingly high vaterite prevalence in both Atlantic (97%) and Pacific (94–96%) populations, with small geographical differences among populations from Norway, other countries in the Atlantic region, and the Pacific Ocean. In other words, most adult pink salmon returning from the sea exhibit some degree of vaterite, at levels significantly higher than those reported for other salmonids. The development of vaterite in pink salmon appears to peak during the early marine stage. However, the wide range in vaterite coverage observed in individual otoliths (0–99% of otolith area) suggests that formation can occur at any point in the life cycle, from shortly after hatching to the spawning migration back into freshwater. These findings provide new insight into otolith mineralogy in pink salmon and offer a valuable foundation for future research.

Stillehavslaks (Oncorhynchus spp.) er anadrome fisk kjent for sine omfattende havvandringer og sin sterke evne til å vende tilbake til fødeelven. Disse livshistoriestrategiene er avhengige av presise sansemekanismer, inkludert funksjoner knyttet til det indre øret. I det indre øret spiller sagittale otolitter - kalkholdige strukturer hovedsakelig bestående av aragonitt - en sentral rolle i hørsel, balanse og orientering. Når aragonitt erstattes av vateritt, en mindre stabil mineralfase av kalsiumkarbonat, kan dette svekke sensoriske funksjoner og redusere påliteligheten til kjemiske signaturer brukt i miljørekonstruksjon basert på otolitter. Vateritt forekommer sporadisk hos mange laksefisk, men forekomst og utvikling hos pukkellaks (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) er lite undersøkt, særlig i introduserte bestander i Atlanterhavsregionen. I denne studien ble otolitter fra 732 invasive pukkellaks fra Atlanterhavsregionen og 384 individer fra naturlige bestander i Stillehavet analysert for å vurdere forekomst og utbredelse av vateritt. Samtidig ble påliteligheten av visuell kvantifisering av mineralfaser vurdert, med røntgendiffraksjon (XRD) som valideringsmetode. Den visuelle kvantifiseringen viste svært høy overensstemmelse med XRD-målinger (R² = 0,99), noe som bekrefter metodens verdi som en rask og repeterbar teknikk for påvisning av vateritt. Resultatene viste høy forekomst av vateritt i både atlantiske bestander (97%) og stillehavsbestander (94–96%), med liten geografisk variasjon mellom populasjoner fra Norge, øvrige deler av Atlanterhavsregionen og Stillehavet. De fleste voksne pukkellaks som returnerer fra havet, har dermed en viss grad av vateritt, langt høyere enn det som er rapportert for andre laksefisk. Vaterittutviklingen synes å være størst i den tidlige marine fasen, men den betydelige individuelle variasjonen (0–99% av otolittens areal) indikerer at dannelsen kan skje gjennom hele livssyklusen, fra kort tid etter klekking til gytevandringen tilbake til ferskvann. Disse funnene gir ny innsikt i otolittmineralogi hos pukkellaks og danner et viktig grunnlag for videre forskning.

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Norway
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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Green